Top 5 Android UI Frameworks for Automation Testing
                     Top 5 Android UI Frameworks for 
Automation Testing
Appium is an open-source mobile application testing tool that supports both iOS and Android. It can be used to 
test any sort of mobile application: native, web and hybrid. Appium is a cross-platform tool, which means you can 
run the similar test on various platforms. To accomplish this cross-platform ability, Appium uses vendor provided 
Android UI framework for testing: XCTest for iOS and UIAutomator or Instrumentation for Android. It wraps these 
vendor frameworks into Selenium WebDriver. 
Calabash is an open-source mobile testing tool that was created and maintained by Xamarin. It underpins local 
and hybrid applications on both iOS and Android. The set of activities that can be performed by Calabash testing 
incorporate gestures, assertions, and screenshots. Calabash is integrated with Cucumber which is a testing tool 
for Behavior-Driven Development. As WebDriver was initially created for web testing, Appium extended 
WebDriver with extra API methods to make it more suitable for mobile test automation. 
Espresso is an Android UI Framework from Google. It's a lightweight, white-box testing tool targeted towards 
application developers. This means to use Espresso to its full potential, the test developer has to be fully familiar 
with and have access to app code. As a result, Espresso tests are very reliable and they run quickly. Since, 
Espresso has access to UI object's internals, it can test WebView, i.e. hybrid applications. The tests are written in 
Java. 
UI Automator is an Android UI framework for mobile testing developed and maintained by Google. Its key 
features include cross-application functional testing, the ability to test multiple apps, and switch between 
installed and system applications. UI Automator is a black-box testing tool (i.e., a test developer doesn't need to 
know the internal app structure and can rely entirely on visible UI elements). Not surprisingly, UI Automator's 
tests are written in Java- Google's ultimate language of choice.
Robotium is an open source Android UI framework. It has been around since 2010, and today has turned into 
an extremely experienced and a steady tool. The last version, 5.6.3, was discharged in Sept, 2016. In the last 
couple of versions, test readability and test execution speed have been essentially improved. Most specialized 
online journals, instructional exercises, and courses allude to the sort of testing used by Robotium as black box 
testing however it can be argued that it is actually a gray box testing. This is on the grounds that to compose 
Robotium tests, you have to realize the internal application structure.
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