CodeKaroYaaro PPT python part-(5)
                     GETTING TO 
KNOW YOUR 
TE   A             C PYTHONH PROGREAMMING                              PART-(5) R
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FILES, MODULES AND 
PACKAGES
 What is module and package in Python?
 In Python, module is the way to structure program. Each Python program file is a 
module, which imports other modules like objects and attributes. 
Mention five benefits of using Python?
• Python comprises of a huge standard library for most Internet platforms like Email, 
HTML, etc. 
•  Python does not require explicit memory management as the interpreter itself 
•  allocates the memory to new variables and free them automatically Provide easy 
readability due to use of square brackets 
•  Easy-to-learn for beginners 
•  Having the built-in data types saves programming time and effort from declaring 
variables
 Explain how can you access a module written in 
Python from C? 
We can access a module written in Python from C by following 
method,Module = =PyImport_ImportModule(―‖);
 How to open a new file in Python?
 Opening a file creates a file object. In this example, the variable f refers 
to the new file object. >>> f = open("test.dat","w") 
>>> print f The open function takes two arguments. The first is the 
name of the file, and the second is the mode. Mode "w" means that we 
are opening the file for writing. 
 Explain how the write method works on a file. 
>>> f.write("Now is the time") 
>>> f.write("to close the file") Closing the file tells the system that we 
are done writing and makes the file available for reading: 
>>> f.close()
 Which method is used to read content of a file 
which is already created ?
The read method reads data from the file. With no arguments, it 
reads the entire contents of the file: 
>>> text = f.read() 
>>> print text Now is the timeto close the file
 What is a text file?
 Give an example for a text file. A text file is a file that contains 
printable characters and whitespace, organized into lines separated by 
newline characters. To demonstrate, we‘ll create a text file with three 
lines of text separated by newlines: 
>>> f = open("test.dat","w")
>>> f.write("line one\nline two\nline three\n") 
>>> f.close()
 What is difference between break and continue 
statement ?
The break statement is new. Executing it breaks out of the loop; the 
flow of execution moves to the first statement after the loop. 
The continue statement ends the current iteration of the loop, but 
continues looping. 
The flow of execution moves to the top of the loop, checks the 
coWndhitaiotn i, sa nmd eparoncte ebdys  dacirceocrdtionrgyly?. How and where is it 
useful?
When we want to open a file somewhere else, you have to specify the path 
to the file, which is the name of the directory (or folder) where the file is 
located: 
>>> f = open("/usr/share/dict/words","r") 
>>
 > 
printf.readline() 
Aarhus 
This example opens a file named words that resides in a directory named 
dict, which resides in share, which resides in usr, which resides in the top-
level directory of the system, called .
 Explain pickling and how import pickle works.
Pickling is so called because it ―preserves‖ data structures. The pickle 
module contains the necessary commands. To use it, import pickle and then 
open the file in the usual way: 
>>> import pickle 
>>> f = open("test.pck","w")
 What is the difference between break and 
continue statement? 
The break statement is new. Executing it breaks out of the loop; the flow of 
execution moves to the first statement after the loop. The continue statement 
ends the current iteration of the loop, but continues looping. The flow of 
execution moves to the top of the loop, checks the condition, and proceeds 
accordingly.
 Explain pickling and how import pickle works. 
Pickling is so called because it ―preserves‖ data structures. The pickle 
module contains the necessary commands. To use it, import pickle and then 
open the file in the usual way: 
>>> import pickle 
>>> f = open("test.pck","w")
 What is module and package in Python? 
In Python, module is the way to structure program. Each Python 
program file is a module, which imports other modules like objects 
and attributes.
 Explain how can you access a module written in 
Python from C? 
We can access a module written in Python from C by following 
method,Module = =PyImport_ImportModule(―‖);
 Mention five benefits of using Python?
• Python comprises of a huge standard library for most Internet platforms 
like Email, HTML, etc. 
• Python does not require explicit memory management as the interpreter 
itself 
• allocates the memory to new variables and free them automatically 
Provide easy readability due to use of square brackets 
• Easy-to-learn for beginners 
• Having the built-in data types saves programming time and effort from 
declaring variables
 How to open a new file in Python? 
Opening a file creates a file object. In this example, the variable f refers to the new 
file object. 
>>> f = open("test.dat","w") 
>>> print f The open function takes two arguments. The first is the name of the file, 
and the second is the mode. Mode "w" means that we are opening the file for 
wriEtinxgp. lain how the write method works on a file.
>>> f.write("Now is the time") 
>>> f.write("to close the file") Closing the file tells the system that we are done 
writing and makes the file available for reading: 
>>> f.close()
 What is a text file? Give an example for a text file.
A text file is a file that contains printable characters and whitespace, organized into 
lines separated by newline characters. 
To demonstrate, we‘ll create a text file with three lines of text separated by 
newlines: 
>>> f = open("test.dat","w")
>>> f.write("line one\nline two\nline three\n") 
>>> f.close()
 What is an exception? Explain with few 
examples. 
Whenever a runtime error occurs, it creates an exception. Usually, the 
program stops and Python prints an error message. 
For example, 
dividing by zero creates an exception: 
>>> print 55/0 
ZeroDivisionError: integer 
division or modulo So does 
accessing a nonexistent list item:
>>> a = [] 
>>> print a[5] 
IndexError: list index out of range 
Or accessing a key that isn‘t in the dictionary: 
>>> b = {}
>>> print 
b[‘what‘] 
KeyError: 
what
 List some few common Exception types and explain 
when they occur. 
•  ArithmeticError- Base class for all errors that occur for numeric calculations. 
•  OverflowError- Raised when a calculation exceeds maximum limit for a numeric 
type. 
•  ZeroDivisionError- Raised when division or modulo by zero takes o place. 
•  ImportError- Raised when an import statement fails. 
•  IndexError- Raised when an index is not found in a sequence. 
•  RuntimeError- Raised when a generated error does not fall into any category. 
 Write a simple program which illustrates Handling 
Exceptions. 
          x=int(input(―Please 
          enter a number:‖)) 
          break 
except ValueError: 
          print(―Oops! That was no valid number. Try again…‖)
 What are packages in Python? 
A package is a collection of Python modules. Packages allow us to structure a 
collection of modules. Having a directory of modules allows us to have 
modules contained within other modules. This allows us to use qualified 
module names, clarifying the organization of our software. 
 Explain what is meant by namespaces and 
scoping. 
Variables are names or identifiers that map to objects. A namespace is a 
dictionary of variable names/keys and their corresponding object values. A 
python statement can access variables in a local namespace and global 
namespace. If the local and global variables have the same name, the local 
variable shadows the global variable. Each function has its own local 
namespace. 
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