How to Conduct Meta-Analysis and Analysis Data - Pubrica
                     How to Conduct  
Meta-Analysis 
and  Analysis Data
An Academic presentation by
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical 
Operations, Pubrica  Group:
www.pubrica.com
Email: [email protected]
TODAY'S 
DInI BSriefCUSSION
Introduction
Principles of meta-analysis
A generic inverse-variance approach to meta-analysis 
 Meta-analysis of rare events
Interpretation of subgroup Analysis and meta-regressions 
 Conclusion
About Pubrica
IN 
BRIEF
The statistical combining of data from two or more  
distinct research is known as meta-analysis.
M eta analysis research may provide benefits such 
as  increased precision, the capacity to answer 
problems  not addressed by individual research, and 
the ability  to resolve disagreements resulting from 
competing  claims.
However, if specific research designs, within-study 
biases, variance among studies, and  reporting biases are not adequately evaluated, they 
can mislead
 Its'sucbrsittiacnatlitaolalyp.preciatethedatatypesthatemergefrommeasuring
anoutcomeina  single research and select appropriate effect measures for comparing inter
vention
 groups.
INTRODUC
TION
Thecriticalexamination ofwhetheritis
suitabletointegrateallnumericaldata, or
possiblysome,theresearchisacrucialstage  in a s
 ystematic review.
Anoveralls  tatisticaldataanalysisthat  
describestheefficacy ofanexperimental
intervention compared to acomparator
intervention isproduced by suchameta-
analysis.Someofthepotentialadvantagesof  
meta-Analysis include:
Contd...
To improve precision. Many studies are too  
small to give conclusive data on the impact of  
interventions on their own. Estimation is frequently 
 enhanced when additional data is available.
To provide answers to questions that were not 
 addressed in the individual research. A  
specified type of participant and well-defined  
interventions are common in primary research. A  
group of studies with different features can  
examine the consistency of impact over a wider  
variety of people and treatments. It may also  
enable the investigation of causes for variations  
in impact estimates, if applicable.
Contd...

To resolve conflicts resulting from apparently contradictory studies, 
the degree of  disagreement may be officially examined. The causes for various outcomes
 can be  studied and quantified using a 
statistical synthesis of findings.
PRINCIPLES OF META-
ATheNfollAowLingYarSethIeSmainconceptsthatmostmeta-  analysis 
methodologies follow:
M eta-analysis is usually done in two stages.
A summary statistic is computed for each research in  
the first step to reflect the observed intervention effect  
across all studies consistently.
If the data are binary, the summary statistic may be a  
risk ratio; if the data are continuous, it might be a  
difference between means.
Contd...
In the second step, a weighted average of the intervention effects assessed in the 
 various studies is used to calculate 
a summary (combined) intervention effect  estimate.
The assumption that the studies are not all assessing the same intervention effect 
 but rather estimate intervention effects that follow a supply across studies might  
be included in the combination of intervention effect estimates across
 studies.
A random-effects meta-analysis is based on this foundation.
On the other hand, a fixed-effect systematic review meta analysis 
is undertaken  if it is considered that each research is estimating the same 
quantity.
Contd...
For both individual studies 
and meta-Analysis, a forest plot presents effect estimates  and confidence ranges. A bloc
k depicts each research with a horizontal line extending on  each side to estimate interven
tion impact. The block area represents performing a meta  analysis burden assigned to th
at research, while the horizontal line represents the  confidence
 interval.
Contd...
Pubrica medical writers help you to write and edit the introduction, by introducing the  
reader of the shortcomings or emptyspaces in the identified meta anlysis research field.
Pubrica'steamofresearchersandauthorsdevelopScientificandmedicalresearch  papers 
that can act as an indispensable tool to the practitioner/authors.
A GENERIC INVERSE-
VARIANCE  APPROACH TO 
META-ANALYSIS
The inverse-variance approach is a persistent  
and straightforward variation of the meta-analysis  
procedure.
This method is utilised behind the scenes in many 
 meta-Analysis of dichotomous and continuous  
data, and it is implemented in RevMan in its most  
basic version.
Contd...
The inverse-variance 
technique gets its name because  each study's weight is se
t to equal the inverse of the impact  estimate's
 variance.
This balancing strategy 
reduces the pooled impact  estimate's imprecision 
(uncertainty).
As a result, more extensive research with more minor  stan
dard errors receive more credit than smaller studies  with m
ore significant common
 mistakes.
META-ANALYSIS OF RARE 
EVENTS
Meta-analysis may be the only option to provide credible  
evidence of the effects of healthcare treatments for  
unusual outcomes.
Individual studies are typically underpowered to detect  
differences in uncommon outcomes.
Still, a meta-analysis of several studies may have  
sufficient power to evaluate whether treatments affect the 
 occurrence of the rare event.
However, many meta-analysis approaches rely on large  
sample approximations, which are ineffective when rare  
circumstances occur.
INTERPRETATION OF 
SUBGROUP
ANALYSIS AND META-
RESuGbgRrouEpcoSmSparIisOonsNareSobservational  
SubgroupAnalysis,and meta-regressionsare
observational studies that look for differences  betw
een
 researches.
They have the same limitations as any  observation
al research, including the possibility of  bias due to 
other 
study-level variables.
Even if there is an actual difference between subgroups, the 
 categorisation of the subgroups is not always the cause of  
the difference.
A subgroup study of bone marrow transplantation for the  
treatment of leukaemia, for example, may reveal an  
important link between the recipient's age and that of their  
sibling.
While specific s tatistical Research analysis service 
Analysis  can be described in the study protocol, many 
acceptable  issues for sensitivity analysis are only 
discovered during the  r eview process.
Contd...
When sensitivity Analysis 
reveal specific judgments or missing data that significantly  impact the review's results, 
more resources might be allocated to resolving  uncertainties.
Ifthisisn'tfeasible,theresultsshouldbeapproachedwithcare.Suchfindings
may  lead to requests for more studies and investigations.
CONCLUS
ION
To summarise the findings of this m eta analy
sis  w riting service, this would say that the 
studies  included in the comments were 
heterogeneous,  that their effects were minor, 
and that most  studies pointed to a small 
amount of reduction  that might not be 
clinically very relevant, and  that this meta 
analysis has missed small  studies with effect 
estimates in opposite  directions, leaving room 
for publication bias and  need to do further 
research on the association  based on this 
meta analysis.
ABOUT 
PUBRICA
Pubrica's team of researchers and authors  
develop Scientific and medical research papers  
that can act as an indispensable tool to the  
practitioner/authors.
Ourexpertsareaware ofthestructurethat  
followsthebroadtopic, theproblem, and
backgroundandadvancetoanarrowtopicto  state 
the hypothesis.
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