How To Structure Your Table For Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis – Pubrica
                     An Academic presentation by
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, 
Pubrica  Group:www.pubrica.com
Email: [email protected]
TODAY'S DISCUSSION
Outline
In Brief  
Introduction
Need of systemic review and meta- 
 analysis
Phases to planning a systematic review 
 and meta-analysis
Future scope 
 Conclusion
IN BRIEF
According to the, a s ystematic review is "a scholarly method in which all  
empirical evidence that meets pre-specified eligibility requirements is  
gathered to address a particular research question."
It entails systematically identifying, selecting, synthesising, and evaluating  
primary research studies to produce a high-quality summary of a subject  
while addressing a pre-specified research question.
A meta-analysis is a step forward from a systematic review in that it employs  
mathematical and statistical methods to summarise the results of studies  
included in the systematic review
INTRODUCTION
In some aspects, s ystematic reviews vary from  
conventional narrative reviews.
Narrative reviews are mostly descriptive, do not  
require a systematic search of the literature, and  
concentrate on a subset of studies in a field  
selected based on availability or author preference.
As a result, although narrative reviews are 
informative, they often include an  element
selection bias. of
Contd..
.
As the name implies, systematic reviews usually include a thorough and comprehensive 
 plan and search strategy derived a priori to minimise bias by finding, evaluating, and  
synthesising all related studies on a given subject.
A meta-analysis aspect is often used in systematic reviews, which entails using  
statistical techniques to synthesise data from several studies into a single quantitative  
estimation or summary effect size.
It is a well-known and well-respected multinational non-profit organisation that  
promotes, funds, and disseminates systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the  
effectiveness of healthcare interventions
NEED OF SYSTEMIC
REVIEW AND  
META- ANALYSIS
There are several reasons for performing
a  systematic review and meta-analysis:
It may assist in resolving discrepancies in  
results published by individual studies that  
may include bias or errors.
Contd...
It may help identify areas in a field where there is a lack of evidence and areas where further  
research should be conducted.
It allows the combination of findings from different studies, highlighting new
findings  relevant to practice or policy.
It may be able to reduce the need for additional trials.
Writing a systematic review and meta-analysis will help identify a researcher's field of interest 
 since they are published in high-impact journals and receive many citations
Contd...
PHASES TO PLANNING A SYSTEMATIC
REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
The succeeding components to a successful systematic review and meta-analysis writing are
 FORMULATE THE REVIEW QUESTION
The first stage involves describing the review topic, formulating hypotheses, and developing  
a title for the review.
It's usually best to keep titles as short and descriptive as possible by following this formula:  
Intervention for those with a disease (e.g., Dialectical behaviour therapy for adolescent  
females with a borderline personality disorder).
Contd...
Since reviews published in other outlets do not need to be listed as such, they should state  
in the title that they are a systematic review and meta-analysis.
 DEFINE INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA
The PICO (or PICOC) acronym stands for population, intervention, comparison, outcomes  
(and context).
It can help ensure that all main components are decided upon before beginning the study.
Authors must, for example, choose their population age range, circumstances, results, and  
type(s) of interventions and control groups a priori.
Contd...

It's also crucial to determine what types of experiments to include and exclude (e.g., RCTs  
only, RCTs and quasi-experimental designs, qualitative research), the minimum number of  
participants in each group, published and unpublished studies, and language restrictions.
 DEVELOP A SEARCH STRATEGY AND LOCATE STUDIES
This is where a reference librarian can be particularly beneficial in assisting with the creation 
 and execution of electronic searches.
To recognise all applicable trials in a given region, it is essential to create a detailed list of  
key terms (i.e., "MeSH" terms) related to each component of PICOC.
The secret to creating an effective search strategy is to strike a balance between sensitivity  
and precision.
Contd...
 SELECTION OF STUDIES
After retrieving and reviewing a detailed list of  
abstracts, any studies that tend to satisfy inclusion  
requirements will be collected and thoroughly  
reviewed.
To ensure inter-rater reliability, this procedure is  
usually carried out by at least two reviewers.
Contd...
It is suggested that authors maintain a list of all checked  
research, including reasons for inclusion or exclusion.
It might be possible to hire study authors to collect  
missing data for data pooling (e.g., means, standard  
deviations).
It's also possible that translations will be needed.
Contd...
 EXTRACT DATA
To organise the information extracted from each  
reviewed study (e.g., authors, publication year,  
number of participants, age range, study design,  
results, included/excluded), building and using a  
basic data extraction type or chart can be beneficial.
 Data extraction by at least two reviewers is  
necessary to ensure inter-rater reliability and  
prevent data entry errors.
Contd...
Table: 1 outline for systemic review and meta-analysis
 ASSESS STUDY QUALITY
In recent years, there has been a push to improve the consistency of each RCT  
included in systematic reviews.
Double-blinding, which is acceptable for clinical trials but not for psychological or
non-pharmacological treatments, significantly impacts this metric.
Other more detailed guidelines and criteria, such as the Consolidated Standards  
of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), as well as articles with recommendations for  
improving quality in RCTs and meta-analyses for psychological intervention, are  
available
Contd...
 ANALYSE AND INTERPRET RESULTS
The Review Manager (RevMan) software, endorsed by the Cochrane  
Collaboration, is one example of a statistical programme that can measure 
effect  s izes for meta-analyses 
The effect sizes are given, along with a 95 per cent confidence interval (CI)  
range, and are presented in both quantitative and graphical form (e.g., forest  
plots).
Each trial is visually represented as a horizontal diamond shape in forest plots.  
The middle represents the effect size (e.g., SMD) and the endpoints  
representing both ends of the CI.
Contd..
.
 DISSEMINATE 
FINDINGS
Since the Cochrane Collaboration's reviews are published in the
Cochrane Database of Systematic they are oftenonlleinegthy
cRoemviperwesh,ensive. and
As a result, it is possible and encouraged to publish abbreviated versions of the  
review in other applicable scholarly journals; indeed, engaging in a review  
update or joining a well-established review team may be a beneficial way to get  
involved in the s ystematic review process.
FUTURE SCOPE
The systematic review's findings 
 should be discussed in
stetremnsgtho f thoef evidence and 
shortcomings of the initial  
used for the review. research
It's also necessary to discuss the
review's weaknesses, the results'  
applicability (generalizability), and the  
findings' implications for patient care,  
public health, and future clinical
 research.
CONCLUSION
The steps of a systematic review/meta-  
analysis include developing a research  
question and validating it, forming criteria,  
searching databases, importing all results  
to a library and exporting to an excel  
sheet, protocol writing and registration, title 
 and abstract screening, full-text screening, 
 manual searching, extracting data and  
assessing its quality, data checking, and  
conducting statistics.
Contd...
The PRISMA or Meta-analysis must be  
used to w rite up the systematic study and  
meta-analysis.
This is a reporting checklist for systematic  
literature reviews and meta-analyses that  
specifies what information should be  
included in each portion of a high-quality  
systematic review
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