Kidney Stones
                     Kidney Stones
Everything You Need to Know

A Brief
Kidney stones are hard deposits made from chemicals present in urine. There are four 
main types of kidney stones: Calcium Oxalate Stones, Calcium Phosphate Stones, Struvite 
Stones, Uric Acid Stones, and Cystine Stones.
The presence of excess waste in the urine can lead to the formation of crystals. These 
crystals tend to aggregate and form solid structures, which are typically excreted by the 
kidneys. However, if there isn't enough fluid to facilitate the elimination of these crystals, 
they may remain in the kidney or ureter. This can result in the blockage of urine flow, 
leading to pain. Kidney stones develop in this manner.
Symptoms
● Lower back pain on either side
● Urine containing blood
● Dizziness or vomiting
● Cold and fever
● Cloudy or smelly urine
The larger the size of the Kidney Stone, the larger 
the pain.
Causes
● Inadequate hydration
● Lack of exercise
● Having a lot of food leads to stone 
formation. Usually protein-rich 
foods.
● Family history of Kidney Stones
● Certain Medications and past 
surgeries may also lead to Kidney 
Stones.
Diagnosis
● Urinalysis
● Blood Tests
● CT Scans
● Abdominal X-Rays
● KUB-X Rays are used to determine 
the size, shape, and location of 
kidney stones.
Treatments
The treatments usually depend on the size of the stones. Small Kidney stones require nosy treatments like:
●Drinking up to 4 liters of water will keep your urine dilute
●Pain Relievers could help to withstand pain until the stone goes out
●Medications
If the Kidney Stone is large, it requires more extensive treatments like:
●Shock-wave lithotripsy: Stones can be broken down into small bits using sound waves, which are then 
eliminated through the urine. Typically, sedation is used during the procedure.
●Surgeries: Doctors may suggest surgery in these cases if the kidney stones are large or painful, obstruct 
urine flow, cause bleeding or infections, are trapped in the ureter or in tubes that convey urine from the 
kidneys to the bladder, or involve any combination of these factors. Commonly found kidney stone 
treatments in India include Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS) and 
Mini Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (Mini PCNL).

Prevention
● Drink water all day long
● Reduce your intake of oxalate-rich foods that may cause calcium oxalate 
stones.
● Choose a low-salt diet and limit the consumption of Animal Protein.
Conclusion
For expert care and treatment of kidney stones, visit Cochin Urology Hospital, a leading 
Urology Hospital in Kochi. Our specialized team is dedicated to providing the best 
possible care and solutions for kidney stone-related issues, ensuring your well-being and 
comfort.