Small-caliber ammunition refers to cartridges designed for firearms with bore diameters typically under 20 mm, such as handguns, rifles, and sub-machine guns. Common calibers include 5.56 mm, 7.62 mm, and 9 mm, each tailored for particular performance needs—ranging from precision and penetration to lightweight portability. These rounds are used across military, law enforcement, civilian shooting, hunting, and sporting contexts. Manufactured with precision, they consist of components like lead or copper bullets and brass or steel casings, chosen for reliability and ballistic performance. Usage has expanded in line with growing global concerns over personal security, rising defense budgets, and the modernization of armed forces. Key trends shaping the market include demand for lighter and more effective ammunition, greener designs, and critical supply chain constraints influenced by geopolitical dynamics and raw material shortages. While military consumption remains dominant, civilian demand—especially in shooting sports and personal defense—is growing steadily, driven by accessibility and shooting culture in regions like North America and Asia.