MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) are tiny integrated devices that combine mechanical and electrical components—such as accelerometers, pressure sensors, gyroscopes, and micro-mirrors—onto a single microchip. These miniature systems enable precision sensing, actuation, and signal processing across diverse applications, including smartphones, automotive safety systems, IoT devices, medical diagnostics, AR/VR hardware, and industrial automation. Driven by advancements in miniaturization, low-power design, and embedded intelligence, MEMS are becoming foundational to smart, responsive, and connected technologies.