Energy Storage Systems (ESS) capture and store energy for later use, enabling a more resilient and flexible power grid. They help balance supply and demand, integrate renewable sources like solar and wind, and provide backup power during outages. Common ESS technologies include: Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS): Use electrochemical cells (e.g., lithium-ion, lead-acid) to store and release electricity. Pumped Hydroelectric Storage: Store energy by pumping water uphill during low demand and releasing it downhill to generate electricity during peak demand. Thermal Energy Storage: Store energy in the form of heat or cold for later use in heating or cooling applications. Mechanical Storage: Utilize kinetic or gravitational forces, such as flywheels or compressed air, to store energy. Hydrogen Storage: Convert electricity into hydrogen gas, which can be stored and later converted back into electricity or used as fuel. These systems are crucial for enhancing grid stability, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and supporting the transition to a low-carbon energy future.