Industrial Revolution.
                     Industrial Revolutions
Introduction
The phase of transitioning from an agrarian and handicraft 
economy to one dominated by industry and machine production in 
modern history is known as the Industrial Revolution.
This phase started in the 18th century in Britain and spread 
throughout the world from there. 
Although the word Industrial Revolution had been used by French 
writers before, it was coined by English economist Arnold Toynbee Source: Industrial Revolution
(1852–83) to describe Britain's economic growth from 1760 to 
1840.
The word has been more widely used since Toynbee's time. 
Three Features
1. Technology
2. Socio-economic
3. Cultural
Source: People Matters
Technology
Impact of Technology:
• The use of new basic materials, mainly iron and steel
• The use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, 
such as coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-
combustion engine
• Invention of new machines
• Factory system
• Application of science to the industry
Non-Technology
• Agricultural Improvements
• Economic changes with respect to the land 
availability
• Political changes for economic power boost
• Cultural Transformations with skilful labour
Source: Food Business News
First Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution was largely limited to Britain from 1760 to 
1830.
• The British, aware of their advantage, prohibited the export of 
equipment, skilled labor, and manufacturing techniques.
• The British monopoly could not last indefinitely, particularly when some 
Britons saw lucrative industrial opportunities abroad and continental 
European businessmen sought British know-how for their own 
countries. 
Source: Daily Sun
Second Industrial Revolution
• Despite significant similarities with the "old," evidence for a "new" 
Industrial Revolution emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
• Modern industry started to exploit many previously untapped natural 
and synthetic resources, including lighter metals, new alloys, and 
synthetic goods such as plastics, as well as new energy sources.
• The automated factory was born as a result of these advances in 
machinery, equipment, and computers.
• While some industries were almost entirely mechanized in the early to Source: Daily Sun
mid-nineteenth century, automated operation, as compared to the 
assembly line, only became significant in the mid 20th century. 
Important technological developments
By the 1830s, major technological advances had been made in the 
following areas:
• Textiles – Steam or water-powered mechanized cotton spinning increased a 
worker's productivity by a factor of 500. The power loom increased a worker's 
productivity by a factor of more than 40.
• Steam power – The performance of steam engines improved to the point that 
they used one-fifth to one-tenth the amount of fuel. 
• Iron production – The use of coke instead of charcoal significantly reduced the 
cost of pig iron and wrought iron production. Coke also provided for larger blast 
furnaces, resulting in cost savings.
• Invention of machine tools – The first machine tools are invented. The screw 
cutting lathe, cylinder boring machine, and milling machine were among them. Source: Britannica
Chemicals
• During the Industrial Revolution, large-scale chemical 
manufacturing was a significant development.
• The lead chamber method, invented by Englishman John 
Roebuck (James Watt's first partner) in 1746, was the first to 
produce sulphuric acid.
• By replacing the comparatively costly glass vessels with 
larger, less expensive chambers made of riveted sheets of 
lead, he was able to significantly increase the size of 
production.
Source: food navigator
• Rather than producing a small amount each time, he was 
able to produce about 100 pounds (50 kg) in each chamber, 
a tenfold increase. 
Railways
• The widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron after 
1800, the invention of the rolling mill for making rails, and the 
development of the high-pressure steam engine, all about 1800, 
made railways feasible.
• The construction of major railways linking larger cities and towns 
started in the 1830s, but it didn't pick up steam until the very end of 
the first Industrial Revolution.
Standards Of Living
• Children's life expectancy rose significantly during the 
Industrial Revolution. From 1730 to 1749, 74.5 percent of 
children born in London died before reaching the age of five, 
compared to 31.8 percent in 1810–1829.
• Prior to the industrial revolution, water was supplied by gravity 
and pumped by water wheels. Wood was the most popular 
material for pipes. The widespread piping of water to horse 
watering troughs and households was made possible by 
steam-powered pumps and iron pipes. Source: Rethinking the Future
Urbanization
• Since the late 18th century, the rise of modern manufacturing 
has resulted in rapid urbanization and the emergence of new 
great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new 
opportunities attracted large numbers of people from rural 
areas to urban areas.
• Just 3% of the world's population lived in cities in 1800, 
compared to nearly 50% today[138] (the beginning of the 21st 
century). Manchester had a population of 10,000 in 1717, but 
had grown to 2.3 million by 1911.
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