HISTORY OF HARAPPA CIVILIZATION.
                     HISTORY OF HARAPPA 
CIVILIZATION
Harappan Civilization
The Harappan Civilization or Indus Valley Civilization was 
a bronze age civilization in South Asia’s northwest 
regions which lasted from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. It is 
one among the earliest civilizations in the region of Asia 
and Africa.
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Harappa
This ancient city contains the ruins of a fortified Bronze 
age fortified urban area, once a flourishing point for the 
Indus Valley civilization, located in present-day Punjab, 
Pakistan.
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Discovery
 In 1921-22, the Archaeological Survey of India revealed 
the existence of a unique civilization northwest of India, 
with its urban centers at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The 
entire civilization came to be known as Harappan 
Civilization.
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Evolution
The main period of Harappan civilization is dated 
between 2600 and 1900 BC. There were earlier and 
later cultures, known as Early Harappan and Later 
Harappan. The Harappan period characterized by 
seals, beads, weights, stone blades and baked 
bricks is called as the Mature Harappan culture.
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Geography
The Harappan civilization was spread across the 
north-west region of the Indian subcontinent 
over Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Sindh, Jammu, 
Punjab, Gujarat and north Rajasthan.
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Urban centers
The most remarkable features of Harappan civilization 
is its urbanization and the planned urban centers. The 
small towns had advanced town planning system. 
Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal, Kalibangan were some 
of the major centers.
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Agriculture
The Harappans cultivated wheat, barley, sesame, 
peas, dates and mustard. There is evidence of rice 
having been grown in Lothal and furrowed fields in 
Kalibangan with wooden ploughs.
Religion
Various clay figures unearthed revealed that the 
Harappans worshipped mother Goddess, the symbol of 
fertility. Certain trees were considered to be sacred and 
people were buried after death in graves, along with 
their personal belongings.
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Decline
The end of Harappan civilization is still not 
known. It is believed that people migrated 
eastwards towards the Gangetic plains and 
there were earthquakes, droughts and floods 
that led to decline of the region.
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