THYROID CANCER
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The thyroid is the butterfly-shaped 
gland at the base of the neck. The 
thyroid gland is a vital hormone 
gland. It plays a major role in the 
metabolism, growth and 
development of the human body. It 
helps to regulate many body 
functions by constantly releasing a 
steady amount of thyroid hormones 
into the bloodstream. The thyroid 
produces hormones that regulate 
heart rate, blood pressure, body 
temperature and weight.
Thyroid cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the thyroid. Having an overactive thyroid 
gland (hyperthyroidism) or an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) doesn't increase 
your chances of developing thyroid cancer. Around 1 in 5 cases of thyroid cancer occur in 
people who've had a previous benign thyroid condition.  The exact cause of most thyroid 
cancers is not yet known. Certain changes in a person's DNA can cause thyroid cells to 
become cancerous.
Signs and Symptoms of Thyroid Cancer
·       A lump in the neck, sometimes growing quickly.
·         Swelling in the neck.
·         Pain in the front of the neck, sometimes going up to the ears.
·         Hoarseness or other voice changes that do not go away.
·         Trouble swallowing.
·         Trouble breathing.
·         A constant cough that is not due to a cold.
Types of thyroid cancer include:
• Papillary: Up to 80% of all thyroid cancers are papillary. This cancer type grows 
slowly. Although papillary thyroid cancer often spreads to lymph nodes in your 
neck, the disease responds very well to treatment. Papillary thyroid cancer is 
highly curable and rarely fatal.
• Follicular: Follicular thyroid cancer accounts for up to 15% of thyroid cancer 
diagnoses. This cancer is more likely to spread to your bones and organs, like 
your lungs. 
•  Medullary: About 2% of thyroid cancers are medullary. A quarter of people with 
medullary thyroid cancer have a family history of the disease.
• Anaplastic: This aggressive thyroid cancer is the hardest type to treat. It can 
grow quickly and often spreads into surrounding tissue and other parts of your 
body. This is a rare cancer.
Warning signs:
You might feel a lump or growth in your neck called a 
thyroid nodule.  Most nodules are benign.
•           Difficulty breathing or swallowing.
•           Loss of voice (hoarseness).
•           Swollen lymph nodes in your neck.
Factors causing Thyroid Cancer
Enlarged thyroid (goitre)
•           Family history of thyroid disease or thyroid cancer.
•           Inflammation of your thyroid gland.
•           Gene mutations (changes) that cause endocrine diseases, such as multiple endocrine 
neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A) or type 2B (MEN2B) syndrome.
•           Low iodine intake.
•           Obesity
•           Radiation therapy of head and neck especially during childhood.
•           Exposure to radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons or a power plant accident.
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