MAMM Exam Guide: Mammography Certification Preparation
                     Radiology
MAMM
ExamName: ARRT Mammography Certification Examination
Exam Version: 6.1
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Question 1. (Single Select)
Breast tissue is surrounded by which of the following?
A: Arteries
B: Cuticles
C: Lymph nodes
D: Fascia
Answer: D
Explanation:
The breast tissue is primarily surrounded by fascia, a type of connective tissue that envelopes and
separates muscles and other internal organs. This connective tissue layer provides structural support and
compartmentalization within the body.
To understand why fascia is the correct answer, it's essential to explore the structure of the breast in more
detail. The breast sits atop the pectoral muscles on the chest wall and is composed of several key
components: mammary glands, milk ducts, areola, nipple, and fatty tissue. These elements together
constitute the functional and anatomical makeup of the breast, which is considered an organ.
The mammary glands are responsible for milk production, facilitated through a network of milk ducts that
transport milk to the nipple. This system is embedded in fatty tissue that provides the bulk of the breast's
volume and shape. Surrounding all these components is the fascia. This connective tissue forms a distinct
layer that encapsulates the breast tissue, aiding in maintaining its position on the chest wall and providing a
barrier separating it from other tissues and structures in the area.
Fascia's role extends beyond mere containment; it also contributes to the structural integrity and
functionality of the breast. By surrounding the breast tissue, fascia helps to support the glandular structures
and ensures that they stay aligned and connected within the specified area. It also plays a part in the
transmission of nerves and blood vessels, which are crucial for the nourishment and innervation of the
breast.
In summary, while the breast is also associated with arteries, cuticles, and lymph nodes—each playing
different roles in its physiology and health—the specific tissue that surrounds the breast and provides it
structural containment and support is the fascia. This connective tissue's comprehensive encasement of
the breast makes it fundamental to the breast's anatomy and function.
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Question 2. (Single Select)
How many areolas does the human body have?
A: 1.
B: 2.
C: 3.
D: 4.
Answer: B
Explanation:
1. The question regarding how many areolas the human body has can be answered by understanding the
basic anatomy of the human breast. The breast anatomy is divided into two main components: internal and
external. The internal anatomy consists of structures such as lobes, lobules, glandular tissue, connective
tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, and adipose tissue. These components play a crucial role in
the functionality of the breast, primarily in lactation.
2. The external anatomy, on the other hand, includes the areola and nipple. Each human breast has one
areola and one nipple, making a total of two areolas and two nipples on the typical human body. The areola
is the pigmented area surrounding the nipple. It contains small glands known as Montgomery's glands,
which lubricate and protect the area during breastfeeding.
3. Understanding the number and function of areolas is important not only for general knowledge but also
for medical and health-related purposes. The areola and nipple are integral to the breast's role in lactation,
providing a passageway for milk to reach an infant. Moreover, changes in the appearance of the areola can
be indicative of health issues, such as breast cancer or hormonal imbalances.
4. In conclusion, the human body typically has two areolas, one on each breast. Their presence is crucial
for both the physiological function of lactation and as indicators of certain health conditions. Recognizing
their number and understanding their role can aid individuals in maintaining breast health and in identifying
potential health issues early.
Question 3. (Single Select)
Which of the following would be considered correct regarding the AEC (automatic exposure control)?
A: It increases the radiation dose needed per image.
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B: It decreases image quality.
C: It helps increase the need for repeat images.
D: It helps decrease the need for repeat images.
Answer: D
Explanation:
To answer the question regarding the Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) in radiographic imaging systems,
it's important to understand what each statement implies about the functionality and impact of the AEC on
radiographic processes. Here's a detailed explanation of each statement:
**It increases the radiation dose needed per image.** This statement is incorrect. The Automatic Exposure
Control (AEC) is designed to optimize the amount of radiation used to produce an image of sufficient
quality. It automatically adjusts the exposure time and intensity based on the density and composition of the
subject being imaged, thereby often reducing the radiation dose compared to manual settings where
overexposure is more likely.
**It helps decrease the need for repeat images.** This statement is correct. The primary function of the
AEC is to ensure consistent image quality by adjusting the exposure to optimal levels. This consistency
helps in reducing the occurrence of underexposed or overexposed images, which are common reasons for
repeating radiographic exams. By decreasing the need for repeat images, AEC not only saves time and
resources but also reduces additional exposure to radiation for the patient.
**AEC is also known as photo timing.** This is a correct descriptor. The AEC system, often referred to as
photo timing, utilizes detectors that measure the amount of radiation that has penetrated the patient and
reached the image receptor. When the detectors sense that the appropriate amount of radiation has been
received to create a clear image, the exposure is automatically terminated.
**It decreases image quality.** This statement is incorrect. The AEC's role is to enhance image quality. By
automatically adjusting exposure parameters to ensure the right amount of radiation is used, the AEC
promotes the production of images with good contrast and detail, essential for accurate diagnosis. Without
this control, manual settings might not be optimal and could lead to poor quality images requiring retakes.
**It helps increase the need for repeat images.** This statement is incorrect and contradicts the purpose
and functionality of the AEC. As previously mentioned, one of the key advantages of using an AEC is to
minimize the occurrence of images that require retakes due to issues like over or underexposure. By
maintaining consistent exposure levels, AEC significantly reduces the likelihood of needing repeat images.
**Summary** The most accurate statements about the Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) system are that
it helps decrease the need for repeat images and is also known as photo timing. The AEC enhances the
quality and consistency of radiographic images, thereby reducing unnecessary radiation exposure and
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improving diagnostic efficiency. The incorrect statements suggest misunderstandings about the operational
benefits and goals of using AEC in radiographic imaging.
Question 4. (Single Select)
Which type of filtration is associated with aluminum and copper?
A: Inherent filtration
B: Added filtration
C: Forced filtration
D: Negative filtration
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer to the question "Which type of filtration is associated with aluminum and copper?" is
"Added filtration."
Added filtration involves the use of external materials placed in the path of the X-ray beam to further filter
out undesirable low-energy X-ray photons. It complements the inherent filtration already provided by the
design and construction of the X-ray tube and its housing.
Aluminum and copper are commonly used materials in added filtration. These metals are effective in
absorbing low-energy X-rays which, if not filtered out, would contribute to the patient's radiation exposure
without improving the quality of the diagnostic image. The thickness and type of metal used as added
filtration can vary depending on the specific requirements of the X-ray examination and the particular
equipment used.
Inherent filtration, on the other hand, is built into the X-ray equipment itself. It typically includes the glass
envelope surrounding the X-ray tube, the insulating oil used for cooling, and the housing of the X-ray tube.
These components naturally absorb some of the lower energy X-rays as they are produced.
The primary purpose of added filtration, including the use of materials like aluminum and copper, is to
optimize the balance between image quality and patient safety. By filtering out unnecessary radiation,
added filtration helps to reduce the patient's exposure to radiation while maintaining sufficient image quality
for diagnosis.
Question 5. (Single Select)
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What section of the HL7 standards is associated with functional profiles and models that are used to enable
the constructs for managing electronic health information ?
A: Primary standards
B: Fundamental standards
C: Clinical and administrative domains
D: EHR profiles
Answer: D
Explanation:
There are 7 sections of HL7 standards:
1.  Primary standards-most popular standards to integration of systems, the most in demand and most
used standards are here.
2.  Foundational standards-defines the tools and building blocks that are needed to build the standards.
3.  Clinical and administrative domains-includes both document and messaging standards that are used for
clinical specialties.
4.  EHR profiles-is associated with functional profiles and models that are used to enable the constructs for
managing electronic health information.
5.  Implementation guides-includes support documents that are made to be used with existing standards,
all documents that are found here are supplemental material for a parent standard.
6.  Rules and references-technical specifications and programming structures for both standards and
software development.
7.  Education and awareness-includes DSTUs and current projects.
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