Factors Contributing and Counter Measure in Drowsiness Detection of Drivers
                     FACTORS CONTRIBUTING AND
COUNTER MEASURE IN 
DROWSINESS  DETECTION OF 
ADnR AcIaVdeEmRic pSresentation by
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical 
Operations,  Phdassistance
Group 
www.phdassistance.com  
Email: 
[email protected]
Today's Discussion
Introduction
Drowsiness and Fatigue  
Drowsiness 
Countermeasures  Factors 
Contributing Drowsiness  
Summary
Introduction
One of the main factors contributing to traffic accidents is driver  
drowsiness. According to previous literatures, drowsy driving 
accounts for  25 to 30% of all traffic accidents.
As a result, many people lose their lives and a great deal of 
property is  harmed, and these statistics rise daily. A state of the 
sleep-wake cycle  called drowsiness, sometimes known as 
sleepiness, occurs when a  person feels the urge to sleep.
According to recent analytics by the National Highway Traffic 
Safety  Administration (NHTSA), sleepy driving is thought to be 
the primary factor  in 56,000 traffic accidents that occur each 
year in the United States and  result in 40,000 injuries and 1,550 
fatalities (Biswal et al., 2021) .
Contd...
Creating a system that can accurately identify tiredness and 
prevent  accidents on the road will take a lot of work.
The development of intelligent automobiles to avoid such 
accidents  has made some progress.
The creation of reliable and useful technologies for 
Drowsiness  detection 
has become increasingly important as interest in intelligent  
cars grows (Ozturk et al., 2022).
Below are the three major factors for Driver drowsiness 
detection.
DROWSINESS AND FATIGUE
Fatigue has been divided into physical or muscle exhaustion 
and  mental fatigue in the study of (Dallaway et al., 2022).
Physical effort over an extended period of time, such as 
during  physical activity or when performing duties that 
require physical  labour, can result in physical tiredness.
It is unclear what specifically causes mental tiredness. Hu &  
Lodewijks (2021) states that a subtly manifested state of 
being  mentally exhausted results in a lack of motivation to 
carry out any  task. According to past literatures, sleepiness 
is the sensation of  having difficulty staying awake, whereas 
fatigue is a depiction of  exhaustion.
Tasks that must be completed continuously cause aversion 
toward  the action and eventually reduce one's ability to do 
the work.
Contd...
Fatigue is a phenomenon that refers to this growing unwillingness. But tiredness may also be 
brought on by  sleep-related factors, such as how much sleep was had recently, how well it was 
slept, and how long you were  up.
Mélan & Cascino (2022) makes the point that works, including workload and work period, can 
cause  exhaustion in addition to sleep (sleep deprivation and time of last sleep).
Sleep variables have an impact on both sleep-related exhaustion and sleepiness, which are both 
utilised in  driving episodes alternatively.
INFLUENTIAL 
FACTORS
Fatigu Ergonomi Distraction Traffic
e c
Aggressive Age Misjudg Weather
e
Alcoho Decision Personality Road
l s
HUMAN 
DRIVER
Vision Sound Haptic
DROWSINESS 
COUNTERMEASURES
The behaviour that drivers have adopted to overcome tiredness in a sleepy condition is called 
a  Drowsiness countermeasure.
The most popular countermeasures include: pausing for a brief break to eat, relax, or snooze; 
drinking  coffee or energy drinks; cleaning one's face; altering the ventilation or airflow; 
smoking; distracting oneself  by gazing around; switching the driver; and listening to music or 
the radio (Kang et al., 2022).
Although these activities have been recognised as the primary causes of distraction while 
driving,  additional well-known remedies include requesting the co-passenger to initiate the 
conversation and  messaging or making a phone call.
In addition to the driver-initiated safety features, there are rumble strips that begin vibrating 
anytime a car  runs off the road or swerves in and out of a lane.
Contd.
..
According to (Cori et al., 2021), stopping night-time 
and/or  extended driving can significantly lower traffic 
accidents on their  own.
A further way to improve road safety is by offering 
potential  therapy to drivers who are afflicted with 
different sleep  disorders.
The vehicle-based drowsiness detection method 
performs well  in controlled environments, such as 
driving simulators, but it  may prove ineffective in real-
world circumstances if certain  driving behaviours, such 
as frequently changing lanes or  weaving in and out of 
traffic, deviate from their baseline values  (Al-madani et 
al., 2021) .
Contd...
Additionally, new image processing methods—which 
are  extremely sensitive to variations in lighting—are 
needed for  behavioural evaluation.
Additionally, poor image quality may be caused by 
insufficient  background-foreground lighting, which 
includes illumination  from drivers' sunglasses or 
eyeglasses, motion of the drivers,  and passing vehicle 
speed.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING 
DROWSINESS
The circadian rhythm, age, physical fitness, alcohol use, work-related factors including noise 
and  temperature in the car, driving schedule, and road conditions like monotony, car density, 
and lane density  are all factors that might contribute to tiredness (Hu & Lodewijks, 2021).
It has been noted that persons who are in harmony with their circadian rhythm frequently 
experience  sleepiness between the hours of 1:00 and 6:00 on any given day.
Additionally, driving at night raises the risk factor to around three to six times that of driving 
during the day  since it is more likely for people to fall asleep and their vision is impaired 
(Rajkar et al., 2022).
Contd...
When contrasted to any other contextual elements, it has been found that repetitive driving 
has a  significant negative influence on the driver's attentional stimulation and quickly 
promotes sleepiness.  Drivers sometimes don't recognise when they are drowsy, which may 
be dangerous.
Drivers who fall asleep behind the wheel become less aware of their surroundings and have 
slower  reaction times.
Additionally, being sleepy makes it harder for drivers to make decisions (Jose et al., 2021).
SUMMAR
Y
Thus driver drowsiness levels may be detected more 
precisely  and consistently using physiological signs in 
recent times.
The process of gathering the driver's bio signal, 
evaluating it to  determine the driver's condition, and 
lastly sending out the alarm  must be quick enough for 
the detection system to provide an alert  (early warning 
sign) before any accident happens.
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REFERENCE
S
l-madani, A.M., Gaikwad, A.T., Mahale, V., Ahmed, Z.A.T. & Shareef, A.A.A. (2021). Real-time 
Driver  Drowsiness Detection based on Eye Movement and Yawning using Facial Landmark. In: 
2021 International  Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI). 27 January 
2021, IEEE, pp. 1–4. DOI:  10.1109/ICCCI50826.2021.9457005.
Assistance, P. (2021). Drowsiness Detection among Drivers to Prevent Accidents. 2021.
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Alert System  for Drowsy Driver Detection C.-M. Chen (ed.). Wireless Communications and 
Mobile Computing, 2021. pp. 1–  13. DOI: 10.1155/2021/6627217.
Cori, J.M., Manousakis, J.E., Koppel, S., Ferguson, S.A., Sargent, C., Howard, M.E. & Anderson, C. 
(2021).  An evaluation and comparison of commercial driver sleepiness detection technology: a 
rapid review.  Physiological measurement, 42 (7). pp. 74007.
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subsequent  physical task endurance: Effects of task duration and type. Psychophysiology, 59 
(12). DOI:  10.1111/psyp.14126.
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