Referencing an Article - Its styles and type
                     REFERENCING AN 
ARTICLE - ITS 
STYLES AND TYPE
An Academic presentation by
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, 
Phdassistance
Group www.phdassistance.com
Email: [email protected]
Today's Discussion
• Introduction
• Main types of citations 
• Usage of “et al.” in citations 
• Referencing/Citation styles 
• Citation Software
• Importance of Referencing 
• Conclusion
Introduction
• For a  peer-reviewed  work to be successfully published, examined, or subjected to any other type of 
severe distribution or review, writing correct and pertinent references is a crucial step.  
• If authors are not entirely accurate and meticulously thorough in providing references and citations 
when they should recognize the study of others, accusations of  plagiarism  and misrepresenting the 
work of other academics might be unwelcome. 
• In addition, if instructions and rules regarding references are not followed precisely and consistently, 
publication attempts may fail, and grades may be lower than anticipated  (Tetzner, 2021) .  
contd..
.
• Every scientific study expands upon prior research; even if it is on an entirely 
separate topic, pertinent prior studies will have influenced it. Authors of  
peer-reviewed   works are required to reference and cite this earlier 
research. 
• This makes it apparent where the current study originated and makes the 
paper's content more accessible for readers to comprehend. 
• The actual structure and content of the references and citations in  
your manuscript will vary depending on the journal we choose to submit it 
to; therefore, reviewing the publication's Instructions for Writers before to 
submission is the first step.  
contd..
.
• A reference typically contains the names and initials of the authors, the title of the piece, the 
name of the journal, the volume and issue, the date, the page numbers, and the DOI. 
• Including the DOI can help connect to the right article on ScienceDirect since articles are 
associated to their source (if it was further published on ScienceDirect) but rather associated 
Scopus record. It is no longer necessary to manually compile and amend the references in any 
scientific article. 
• Your references may be tracked by management software like Mendeley, allowing you to 
share them with the team members. By choosing the appropriate citation style for the 
publication you submit using the Word plugin, the programme will format the references for 
you. 
• It is crucial to ensure that the reference list is being examined and amended, just as you 
would with any other section of your book. With expert document editing from Elsevier Author 
Services  Language Editing, you can make sure that your references will not prevent you from 
being published  (Elsevier, 2023) .  
Main types of citations 
•  We must be specific when referencing  academic journals  for readers to locate and check 
out the primary sources on which our thoughts and assertions are based. 
• You have two options for citing sources in your research paper: in-text citations and endnotes 
(i.e., numbers within the text which relate to the page's bottom or the paper's end). A 
reference list for both formats must be included at the end of the essay  (KH, 2023) .  
Figure 1: Types of 
citation 
Usage of “et al.” in citations 
• The abbreviated form of the Latin phrase "et alii" is "et al," which means "and others." When 
referencing a source with numerous authors, the abbreviation is used. It serves a similar purpose as 
the Latin term "et cetera," which is also widely used and sometimes shortened to "etc." and signifies 
"and other like things"  (KH, 2023) .  
Referencing/Citation styles 
• There are many different referencing styles; therefore, check the requirements for your specific 
assignment, or those established by the lecturer or department, before beginning any assignment. For 
example, the  citation or reference format  you employ, such as  Chicago, APA, or Vancouver  (which uses 
a numbered system), will determine how you structure your references (a notes-bibliography system).
 Figure 2: Citation styles  
 
•  In all citation styles, a brief citation, known as an in-text citation, is used in 
the body of the text as a pointer to the comprehensive 
bibliographic information that will be included later in your work in the 
footnotes, endnotes, reference list, or bibliography. The citation style 
determines the structure and vocabulary (OTAGO, 2022). 
•  The entire reference list or bibliographic information for the sources you 
have referenced is what is meant by the phrases reference list and 
bibliography, which are frequently used interchangeably. On the other hand, 
the term "bibliography" can be used more widely to refer to a list of 
pertinent, significant, and relevant sources, which could contain writing that 
we did not specifically credit. 
Citation Software
Several software programmes for reference management (OTAGO, 2022). 
• The Library and ITS provide support for the popular software EndNote. Both the Mac and 
Windows operating systems support it. All students can use EndNote for free using the 
Student desktop. Endnote can also be purchased on your device across Its for a modest 
charge training programmes offered by ITS employ EndNote. 
• Zotero is free to use. 
• Mendeley is free to use. 
• The citation management tool BibTex is available if we use LaTex for our papers. 
Importance of Referencing 
•  The correctness of pertinent data conveyed in the paper and attention to detail, such as precise page 
numbering and author names spelt correctly, are all examples of good referencing. Your research will 
improve due to paying attention to references, and editors, reviewers, and readers will think more 
highly of you  (Santini, 2022) . Reviewers consult the bibliography for a variety of purposes. 
• As mentioned previously, spelling and punctuation require special attention. Additionally, the citation 
style, whether Harvard, Vancouver, or another, must adhere to the guidelines for authors set out by the 
relevant publication. If the most current reference is older than five years, it could not have been 
updated completely. Most references from one or more authors may indicate self-promotion, self-
plagiarism, or the selected citation of works whose conclusions agree with the author(s).  
References
• Elsevier. (2023). Author Services. https://scientific-publishing.webshop.elsevier.com/manuscript-
preparation/how-to-write-your-references-quickly-and-easily/#References 
• KH, W. (2023). When to Use Author “et al.” in Citation and References. 
https://blog.wordvice.com/reference-citation-et-al/ 
• OTAGO, U. of. (2022). What is Referencing and why is it important? 
• Santini, A. (2022). The Importance of Referencing. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953266/ 
• Tetzner, R. (2021). How To Write References for Academic & Scientific Research Papers. 
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