Graphene’s for Research and the Growing Number of Publications Per Year - Phdassistance
                     GRAPHENE’S FOR  
RESEARCH AND 
THE  GROWING 
NUMBER  OF 
PUBLICATIONS  
PER YEAR
An Academic presentation by
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, 
Phdassistance  Group www.phdassistance.com
Email: [email protected]
TODAY'S 
DISCUSSION
Outline
Introduction  
Nanostructure 
 Trends
The Graphene survey 
 The use of graphene  
Future Scope
INTRODUCTIO
N Professor Richard Feynman forecast the bright
 future of nanomaterials in his popular lecture,  
"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom."
Since then, many trials have been made to consider 
 and manipulate matter at the atomic level to exploit  
nanoscale properties.
Contd...
In 2021, the number of scholarly papers describing graphene's  
use was enormous.
With such a high level of curiosity in graphene, both specialists  
and the public need to stay updated on recent and historical  
graphene technology.
This article looks at graphene and its effect on the science  
environment.
NANOSTRUCTUR
E Graphene was originally found as a two-dimensional  
carbon nanostructure that was mechanically exfoliated 
 from a block of graphite.
Still, researchers have recently expanded their studies 
 into this two-dimensional carbon nanostructure.
Contd...
This molecular structure will take a variety of morphologies, as seen  
in Figure 1.
These single-atom carbon layers may take on various morphologies, 
 such as quantum dots, nanosheets, and nanoparticles, and can be  
tailored to produce breakthrough developments.
The use of graphene-based nanomaterials in m edicine is currently 
a
 hot research subject.
Contd...
Figure 1: (a) when folded into a 0D structure, it forms spherical molecules called fullerenes; (b) when
rolled into a 1D structure, it forms carbon nanotubes; (c) when it forms a single 2D atomic layer, it forms 
 graphene; and (d) when stacked into a 3D bulk structure, it forms graphite [1]
TREND
S Whether or not graphene ultimately contributes to  
nanoscale transistors, its introduction in the early  
stages of the post-silicon period is historic.
There has been interesting in this promising material 
 from the scientific community.
Contd..
.
It could help Moore's law surpass the technical barrier before approaching
the  fundamental limit of the single-molecule level.
Graphene is now a popular research subject, with a clear promise to meet the global  
demand for breakthrough technology.
The number of graphene-related publications for the last six years is given in (Fig. 1).
Contd...
Fig. 1. Total number of publications in 2015-2021 as per Google scholar information (keyword: Graphene)
THE GRAPHENE 
SUThRe GVraEphYene Council's survey report was released  
on January 4, 2021 [2].
The Graphene Council is the largest 
wcoomrldm'sunity devoted to graphene  
 advanced and productionr,elaatend
commercial musaet.erials science,
The link over 30k materials experts,
professionals,  architects, and t echnolo
goyf daecavedleompeiar sa:nrdo uthgeh loyther 2/13/ 3from the industry.
Contd...
This survey  received responses from over 800 people and
organisations.
According to the survey, graphene has an extraordinarily broad  
spectrum of possible uses, owing to its remarkable range of  
performance characteristics.
The survey respondents were divided into categories depending  
on how people use graphene, such as processing graphene, using 
 it in an application, testing, designing potential applications, etc.
Contd...
Fig 2 depicts the proportion of survey respondents who identify as working people.
On looking at research activities, it is observed that academic organisations are studying  
graphene account for 19% of all respondents, or 78% of the more than 250 academic  
organisations that took part in the study.
Commercial organisations (which include both producers and users of graphene materials)  
also r esearch graphene for 17% of all responses.
Contd...
The Graphene Council is well aware of the significant volume of  
research conducted by the private sector to create real-world  
commercial applications.
According to the survey findings, 19 % of commercial institutions 
 and 14 % of academic organisations seek application growth, 
for  a total of 33%, just marginally lower than study activities.
Contd...
If graphene progresses, the percentage of companies focusing on application  
growth will outnumber those focusing on analysis, particularly as production  
size, handling, dispersion, and pricing become more resolved.
Graphene producers were also split into industrial and research, with 17% and  
12 % of the market.
Industrial and academic graphene suppliers accounted for 17% and 12% of total  
graphene production, respectively.
While many academic institutions manufacture graphene, the material is mainly  
used for internal analysis or application production.
Contd...
On the commercial side, it's worth noting that some commercial producers don't  
sell graphene, preferring to use it entirely in value-added products or  
masterbatch formulations.
A significant 10% of survey participants described themselves as “Intermediary”  
organisations, including toll processors, functionalization services suppliers, and  
other mechanisms aimed at improving graphane.
Finally, 4% of our survey respondents work for governing authorities, including  
standards-setting associations, regulatory commissions, and government  
departments.
Contd...
Fig. 2. The percentage of survey respondent corresponding to the society
Graphene is the only substance that can claim to be  
the thinnest, toughest, most thermally conductive,  
most electrically conductive, have the highest barrier 
 properties, and have other positive characteristics 
 all at the same time.
Coatings [3], energy harvesting [4], textiles [5],  
filtration, composites, printed electronics, biomedical  
[6], EMI insulation, corrosion prevention, films,  
lubrication, heat transport, among many other uses,  
are among the many.
Contd...
As for efficiency increases, manufacturing are exponentially scaled, the  
processing is perfected, and better pricing renders this incredible material  
affordable in 2021; graphene is reaching an inflexion point.
The varieties of graphene for different applications are shown in table 1.
Table 1. Graphene for various applications [2]
THE USE OF 
GRA vAerPy sHmaEll aNmoEunt of graphene (less than 1% by  
weight, or even tenths or hundredths of a per cent by 
 weight) may significantly affect efficiency.
The graphene's work is influenced by its morphology, 
 chemical groups, surface chemistry, 
functionalization,  and form element (powder, paste, 
or solvent).
Choosing the best graphene for a given application is 
 important.
Contd...
The synthesis and storage of graphene are crucial to its application's  
performance (i.e. dispersion techniques)
Although graphene is now readily accessible, it takes special handling  
capabilities, so collaborating with people who have these abilities is important.
For most applications, even at very low loadings in terms of percent by weight,  
substantial amounts of graphene will be needed.
As a result, it's critical to partner with manufacturers and vendors who can scale  
demand while maintaining high quality. Table 2 summarises some of the
ground-breaking efforts in graphene synthesis.
Contd...
Table 2. Comparison of graphene synthesis methods and their various applications
FUTURE 
SCGOrapPheEne is a fascinating substance that may be used 
 in nanotechnology.
Graphene has outstanding electrical, optical,  
mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties,
indicating that it has great potential for use as a  
transparent electrode, FETs, gas sensors, energy  
storage systems such as supercapacitors a catalyst.
New graphene synthesis methods are being
d eveloped to achieve favourable electrical 
properties.
Contd...
As a designer product, graphene is expected to be soon able to replace silicon-based  
electronics.
Future graphene-based electronic devices are supposed to operate at a very high  
speed, be chemically inert, and be environmentally sustainable.
This post gave a broad description of graphene as well as a look at recent 
innovations.
Given graphene's enormous ability and one-of-a-kind properties, it would be more  
appropriate to inquire, "What science and engineering problems exist for which  
graphene might have a solution?" rather than "What are the actual applications of  
graphene?"
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