How To Do Referencing For Econometrics PhD Research - Phdassistance
                     HOW TO DO  
REFERENCING FOR 
 ECONOMETRICS  
PHD RESEARCH
An Academic presentation by
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, 
Phdassistance  Group www.phdassistance.com
Email: [email protected]
TODAY'S 
DISCUSSION
Outlin
e Introduction  
When to cite 
 How to cite
Proper Use 
of 
Footnotes
Sample Citations in Text or Footnote  
Sample Entries in List of References  
Conclusion
INTRODUCTIO
N
The University of Chicago Press's stylistic  
conventions, as outlined in Chapter 16 of the  
14th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style,  
have been adopted by the Economics  
Department (available in the bookstore and in  
the reference room of the library).
This style should be followed for citations and  
bibliographic entries in all economic student  p
apers and theses.
WHEN TO 
CITE
Quotations, for example, are a type of citation. 
 In general, if you use someone else's  
thoughts, you must credit them with a citation.
If you want to use someone else's ideas but  
don't want to use their exact words, use a  
general citation like "according to Hammami,  
H (2021),..." You must enclose the passage  
in quotation marks and reference the source,  
including the page number, if you use another  
author's exact words.
Contd...
Long passages (more than two or three sentences) should be  
indented from both margins, single spaced, and not quoted (but  
still cited appropriately).
Obviously, this theory can be taken to absurd lengths.
The basic principle of the business, for example, should be  
considered "common knowledge"; you don't have to go back  
and try and find out who was the first to suggest that companies  
maximise profit.
Contd...

As a general rule, if an idea or hypothesis is in a textbook and there isn't a
clear  citation (beyond "for more detail, see..."), you don't need to cite anybody.
Empirical research, on the other hand, is almost always specific and must be cited. 
 It is important to use proper citation practises.
Plagiarism is the failure to correctly reference sources, which may result in penalties 
 ranging from fines to dismissal under Reed's academic dishonesty policies.
When in doubt, cite too often rather than not often enough!
Contd...
At the stage of your writing where the ideas  
are used, you should cite the works. You may  
normally delete a source from your  
bibliography if it was only used for background 
 information.
If you want to express your intellectual  
gratitude to such a source, (i.e., it contributed  
to your general knowledge of a subject but you 
 did not use any specific ideas from it), you  
may include a sentence (or a footnote) that  
says something like, “Reading Lowes (2021)  
improved my understanding of this subject,” or  
“Sara (2021) provides a good general  
overview of the issues discussed below.”
HOW TO 
CIAlTmoEst all economics articles follow the  
“science” citation convention of referencing 
 author and year in the text rather than the  
“humanities” convention of citing the entire  
bibliographic entry in a footnote.
This method should be used in all of 
research  paper and thesis writing.
Most economics citations do not include a  
footnote; to avoid the disruption of a footnote 
 reference; simply use the author(s) last  
name(s) and the year of publication in or  
after a sentence in the document.
Contd...
When you read economic studies, pay attention to how other writers do  
this, but keep in mind that most journals do not follow the Chicago  
Manual of Style exactly.
While it is often mislabelled as a bibliography, the latter is the norm for  
most economics work.
Any work mentioned in the text must be listed in the bibliography at the  
end of the article.
Our Experts suggest that sticking to the convention of just citing works.
The list of references should be placed at the end of the paper or thesis  
on a separate page(s) with the title "References."
PROPER USE OF 
FOOTNOTES
Economists, in contrast to many other disciplines, use footnotes much less frequently,  
particularly for citation purposes.
If a statement or citation is long enough and unimportant enough to disrupt the flow of  
the argument if it were placed directly in the document, use a footnote.
If a reader skips the footnote, he or she does not miss any key points in the discussion.
Contd...
Although there are times when footnotes are
necessary, it can be exhausting to continually  
interrupt one's reading to refer to one after another 
 at least one economics journal prohibits the use  
of footnotes entirely! You should probably be able  
to keep footnotes to one per page or less while  
using the author-date citation format.
If you have more than that, think about how your  
work might be portrayed in a more readable  
manner.
SAMPLE CITATIONS IN TEXT OR FOOTNOTE
 NON-QUOTED CITATION AS PART OF A 
SENTENCE
There is no need for a footnote in this case.
The bibliography contains all of the publication information for Schama's 1987 work.
 NON-QUOTED CITATION NOT PART OF A SENTENCE
There is no punctuation between the author and the date, and both are enclosed in  
parentheses
Contd...
 MULTIPLE CITATIONS NOT PART OF A 
SENTENCE
To separate individual entries by different writers, use a semicolon.
 CITING MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR
It's worth noting that Lucas and Stokey are not the same person. If there are  
page numbers, a comma is appropriate to separate the dates.
In any case, a semicolon must be used.
SAMPLE ENTRIES IN 
OLIFS T
REFERENCES
The references list is formatted in a "hanging  
indented" style, with the first line flush to the  
left margin and subsequent lines indented.
Authors' names appear first in the alphabetical 
 list of entries.
Contd...
From the earliest year of publication to the most 
 recent, works by the same author(s) are  
mentioned.
Multiple works by the same author(s) published 
 in the same year are alphabetized by title  
(rather than chronologically within the year) and 
 given suffix letters a, b, c, and so on.
 SINGLE-AUTHOR JOURNAL 
ARTICLE
Last-name-first is always the first author.
It's worth noting that the capitalization in the title meets standard sentence  
capitalization guidelines, and there are no quotation marks.
Periods are used after the name(s) of the author(s), the year, the title of the article,  
and at the end.
Among the journal name and the volume number, there is no punctuation
Contd...
The title of the journal is often italicised or underlined, with all major terms capitalised.
You may offer the issue number or the month/season, but be consistent.  
An en dash, not a hyphen, is used to distinguish page number ranges.
 TWO-AUTHOR JOURNAL ARTICLE
After the time following the first author's middle initial, a comma is used.
Only the first author's last name is mentioned first.
Contd...
 FORTHCOMING 
ARTICLES
This format can be used for works that are supposed to be published but have  
uncertain year, duration, or page numbers.
CONCLUSIO
N Referencing is a technique for supplying facts  
to back up arguments and assumptions  
made in your own study.
Citing experts in your profession demonstrates 
 to your marker that you are knowledgeable  
about the field in which you are working.
Your citations serve as a map of your  
discipline's vacuum, allowing you to navigate  
your way through it in the same way that sailors 
 navigate by the stars.
References should always be right, enabling  
your readers to track down the information  
sources you used.
Keeping track of all the references you used  
when r eading and writing is the best way to  
ensure you reference correctly.
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