What are The Different Techniques Used for Textual Content Analysis - Phdassistance
                     W H A T A R E T H E
D I F F E R E N TT E C H N I Q 
U E S  U S E D F O R T E X T U 
CA OL N T E N TA N A L Y S 
I S
An Academic presentation by
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, 
Phdassistance  Group www.phdassistance.com
Email: [email protected]
TODAY'S 
DISCUSSION
Outline
In-Brief
Introduction  
Conceptual 
Analysis  Relational 
Analysis  
Conclusion
In-Brief
T extual Analysis- Qualitative Research Analytics Help data analysis  
method to carefully inspects either the content and meaning of texts or 
 their structure. The main objective is to analyses the presence of  
chosen term present inside the data that may be implicit (which are  
difficult to find) or explicit (which are easy to identify). It Helps the
Researcher quantify and analyze the meaning, relationship and 
 presence of specific concepts and themes.
Introduction
C ontent analysis tools are used to identify 
words,  concepts or themes which are present 
inside the  qualitative data.
It also helps to convert identical and valid suggestions 
 by coding textual material and analyzing textual or  
qualitative Analysis.
This technique is used frequently in many research  
studies, but it becomes popular among scholars in the 
 current time.
Contd..
It helps the researcher quantify and analyze the meaning, relationship and presence 
 of specific concepts and themes.
It is a language evaluating tool by the researcher for analyzing research.
Conceptua
l  Analysis Data Analysis Textual Qualitative Content Analysis and 
 conceptual Analysis are almost similar to each other.
In a conceptual analysis, a particular concept is  
selected for Analysis which includes quantifying and 
 calculating its presence.
The main objective is to analyses the presence of 
 chosen term present inside the data that may be  
implicit or explicit.
Encoding of implicit terms is more complicated.
Contd..
You need to consider or decide on the level of implicit terms by making judgments 
 on its subjectivity, i.e., problem-related to reliability and validity.
Therefore, implicit term coding needs dictionary or translational rules or both.
PhD Qualitative Research Analysis Help in getting data which are often subjective, 
 in-depth and consistent, if you find any difficulty with T extual or qualitative
Analysis, you can get help from experts.
Necessary steps need to follow while coding a conceptual analysis
Determine the research question and select a sample or samples for Analysis.
Contd..
After that code the text into manageable content groups, this is also known as a
selective reduction process.
By reducing the text into different groups helps the researcher to focus on the code 
 or pattern for specific words that inform the research question.
Contd..
Contd..
General steps for conducting PhD Research Methods for Textual Data and conceptual 
 content analysis:
1. D etermine the level of Analysis: whether it is for word, sentence, phrase, 
themes
2. S elect the number of concepts to code for: Create a pre-defined or interactive 
set  of classes or theories.
Choose any one them A or B, which allow flexibility to the coding process. And 
 stick with that pre-defined set of categories.
Option A allows for Analysis and introduction of important content which could have 
 significant implications for the research question.
Contd..
Option B allows the researcher to focus on the data for specific materials.
3. Determine how to differentiate among different concepts:
Determine whether the text needs to be coded in the same way they are or they  
need to be in an indifferent form, for example, “dangerous” as “dangerousness”.
These rules make all the works to fall into the same category, or maybe the rules  
can be expressed so that the researcher can differentiate these word sections into 
 discrete codes.
Decide on the level of implication to be allowed?
Contd..
4. D evelop guidelines to code your text: The Researcher can Develop rules to
translate text into codes, which will keep the process reliable or organized.
The author can code what they want to code.
Effectiveness of the coding process is guaranteed when the researcher is intelligible 
 and dependable in their codes, meaning they are following their translation rules.
Obeying translation rules is equal to validity in content analysis.
5.  Determine what needs to be done with irrelevant information: That has to 
be  eliminated, for example, eliminating common English words like “the” and 
“and”.
Contd..
6.  Code the text: It can be done with software which can be done 
automatically,  quickly and effectively.
If coding is done manually, there will be changes of getting error in the data, but if 
 the coding is done manually, the text could be cleaned of error and misspelling.
This choice of hand vs computer coding is most applicable for implicit material
where category preparation is vital for precise coding.
7. A nalyze your results: Decide precisely regarding irrelevant or unwanted text 
to  ignore or reconsider the coding scheme.
Draw conclusions and simplifications where possible.
Relat iona
It begins like a conceptual analysis their concept is  
l  Analysis chosen for study; here, the relation between the concepts 
 are examined.
Independent concepts are explored as having no  
structural meaning, and relatively the idea is to create 
 the relationships among ideas.
Necessary steps need to follow while coding a conceptual 
 analysis
Qualitative Text Analysis helps in identify the research
problem and select a sample or samples for 
examination.
Contd..
The research questions must be attentive, so the conception types are not open to
Analysis and summarized.
Carefully select the content for Analysis; always choose enough information to 
 conduct a thorough analysis.
The results are not limited by having too general information so that the 
coding
process becomes too difficult and dense to convey meaningful and significant 
results.
The relational Analysis is classified into three subcategories from primary to going 
 down to the general step.
Contd..
 AFFECT EXTRACTION:
A problem in this method is that emotions can differ over time, population and space.
But it effectively captures the emotional and psychological nature of the speaker or 
 author of the text.
 PROXIMITY ANALYSIS:
Text is defined as a sequence of words known as “window” skimmed for the co- 
 occurrence of concepts.
Contd..
The outcome will be the “concept matrix” or a group of interlinked co-occurring 
 concepts that would recommend an overall meaning.
 COGNITIVE MAPPING:
It helps to create a model representing the overall meaning of the text like a
graphic map, and it used to describe the relationships between concepts.
Conclusion
Although content analysis tool is widely used to A nalyz
e  T ext and Qualitative Data, many Researchers are not  
familiar with content analysis techniques and how to  
handle problems inherited in that application.
The issues include identifying sufficient measures,  
creating proxy dictionaries and coding schemes,  
operating with texts from numerous sources, confirming 
 reliability and validity, and guiding manual versus  
computer-aided content analysis.
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