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                     Mastering 
CTyopnesj,u Fnucncttiioonss, and Usage
An Academic presentation by
Dr. Nancy | Clinical and Medical 
Research Expert
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Email : [email protected]
Introducti
on
• Conjunctions are an important part of speech, connecting 
words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.
• They express logical relationships, aid sentence flow, and 
produce cohesion in writing.
• Three key types: coordinating, paired, and subordinating 
conjunctions.
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Co-ordinating Conjunction
• Definition: Join grammatically equivalent elements in a 
sentence.
• FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
• Purpose: Establish clear, direct connections in academic 
writing.
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Notes on Coordinating 
Conjunctions
• “For” is rarely used in contemporary English.
• Use the serial/Oxford comma with “and” or “or” 
in a list.
• Transitional words like however, therefore act as 
conjunctions when joining clauses.
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Paired Conjunctions 
(Correlative Conjunctions)
• Definition: Two linked words/phrases that work 
• tEoxgaemthpelre. s
: • both…and → Time and money investment
• not only…but also → Low grade and consequences
• either…or → Students or assessment
• neither…nor → No adherence or clarification
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Notes on Paired 
Conjunctions
• Use plural verb with “both…and”
• Both the students and the teachers were satisfied.
• Avoid excessive wordiness – use for clarity and impact.
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Subordinating Conjunctions
Purpose: Join a dependent clause to an independent clause.
Types & Examples:
• Cause/Reason – because, since
• Time – after, before, when
• Condition – if, unless
• Contrast – although, whereas
• Comparison – as much as, than
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Sentence Structures with 
Subordinating Conjunction
• Two structures:
1.  Main clause + Subordinate clause
• The teacher administered the test after giving 
instructions.
2.  Subordinate clause + Main clause
• Whether or not I complete the assignment, I 
will submit it.
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“That” in Noun 
Clauses
• Used with verbs: reported, hypothesized, argued, claimed, 
maintained.
• Examples:
• That additional research was warranted.
• That confidentiality was maintained throughout 
the study.
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Writing and Grammar 
Suggestions
• Practice sentence structure with conjunction exercises.
• Understanding conjunctions strengthens logical sentence 
construction.
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Conclusion
• FANBOYS connect equal elements.
• Use paired conjunctions sparingly.
• Subordinating conjunctions add complexity.
• Use “that” for clarity in noun clauses.
• Vary conjunctions for structure and readability.
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