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Cyber Security Introduction
"Cybersecurity is primarily about people, processes, and technologies working together to 
encompass the full range of threat reduction, vulnerability reduction, deterrence, international 
engagement, incident response, resiliency, and recovery policies and activities, including 
computer network operations, information assurance, law enforcement, etc."
Cybersecurity is the protection of Internet-connected systems, including hardware, software, and 
data from cyber attacks. It is made up of two words one is cyber and other is security. Cyber is 
related to the technology which contains systems, network and programs or data. Whereas 
security related to the protection which includes systems security, network security and application 
and information security.
It is the body of technologies, processes, and practices designed to protect networks, devices, 
programs, and data from attack, theft, damage, modification or unauthorized access. It may also 
be referred to as information technology security.
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Why is cybersecurity important?
We live in a digital era which understands that our private information is more vulnerable than ever 
before. We all live in a world which is networked together, from internet banking to government 
infrastructure, where data is stored on computers and other devices. A portion of that data can be 
sensitive information, whether that be intellectual property, financial data, personal information, or 
other types of data for which unauthorized access or exposure could have negative consequences.
Cyber-attack is now an international concern and has given many concerns that hacks and other 
security attacks could endanger the global economy. Organizations transmit sensitive data across 
networks and to other devices in the course of doing businesses, and cybersecurity describes to 
protect that information and the systems used to process or store it.
As the volume of cyber-attacks grows, companies and organizations, especially those that deal 
information related to national security, health, or financial records, need to take steps to protect their 
sensitive business and personal information.
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History of cyber 
After Creeper and Reaper, cyber-crimes became more powerful. As computer software and hardware developed, 
security breaches also increase. With every new development came an aspect of vulnerability, or a way for hackers 
to work around methods of protection. In 1986, the Russians were the first who implement the cyber power as a 
weapon. Marcus Hess, a German citizen, hacked into 400 military computers, including processors at the 
Pentagon. He intended to sell secrets to the KGB, but an American astronomer, Clifford Stoll, caught him before 
that could happen.
In 1988, an American computer scientist, Robert Morris, wanted to check the size of the internet. He wrote a 
program for testing the size of the internet. This program went through networks, invaded Unix terminals, and 
copied itself. The program became the first famous network virus and named as Moris worm or internet worm. The 
Morris worm could be infected a computer multiple times, and each additional process would slow the machine 
down, eventually to the point of being damaged. Robert Morris was charged under the Computer Fraud and 
Abuse Act. The act itself led to the founding of the Computer Emergency Response Team. This is a non-profit 
research centre for issues that could endanger the internet as a whole.
Nowadays, viruses were deadlier, more invasive, and harder to control. We have already experienced cyber 
incidents on a massive scale, and 2018 isn't close to over. The above is to name a few, but these attacks are 
enough to prove that cybersecurity is a necessity for corporations and small businesses alike.
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Cyber Security Goals
The objective of Cybersecurity is to protect information from being stolen, compromised or attacked. 
Cybersecurity can be measured by at least one of three goals-
•Protect the confidentiality of data.
•Preserve the integrity of data.
•Promote the availability of data for authorized users.
These goals form the confidentiality, integrity, availability (CIA) triad, the basis of all security programs. The CIA 
triad is a security model that is designed to guide policies for information security within the premises of an 
organization or company. This model is also referred to as the AIC (Availability, Integrity, and 
Confidentiality) triad to avoid the confusion with the Central Intelligence Agency. The elements of the triad are 
considered the three most crucial components of security.
The CIA criteria are one that most of the organizations and companies use when they have installed a new 
application, creates a database or when guaranteeing access to some data. For data to be completely secure, all 
of these security goals must come into effect. These are security policies that all work together, and therefore it 
can be wrong to overlook one policy.
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Types of Cyber Attacks
A cyber-attack is an exploitation of computer systems and networks. It uses malicious code to alter computer code, logic 
or data and lead to cybercrimes, such as information and identity theft.
We are living in a digital era. Now a day, most of the people use computer and internet. Due to the dependency on digital 
things, the illegal computer activity is growing and changing like any type of crime.
Cyber-attacks can be classified into the following categories:
Web-based attacks
1. Injection attacks                                                          S  y  s  t e  m      B  a   s e   d      A  tt   a  ck
2.  DNS Spoofing These are the attacks which are intended to compromise a 
3. Session Hijacking computer or a computer network. Some of the important 
4. Phishing system-based attacks are as follows-
5. Brute force 1. Virus
6. Denial of Service 2. Worm
7. Dictionary attacks 3. Trojan horse
8. URL Interpretation 4. Backdoors
9. File Inclusion attacks 5. Bots 
10. Man in the middle attacks
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Cyber Security Principles
The UK internet industry and Government recognized the need to develop a series of Guiding Principles for improving the 
online security of the ISPs' customers and limit the rise in cyber-attacks. Cybersecurity for these purposes encompasses the 
protection of essential information, processes, and systems, connected or stored online, with a broad view across the people, 
technical, and physical domains.
These Principles recognize that the ISPs (and other service providers), internet users, and UK Government all have a role in 
minimizing and mitigating the cyber threats inherent in using the internet.
These Guiding Principles have been developed to respond to this challenge by providing a consistent approach to help, inform, 
educate, and protect ISPs' (Internet Service Provider's) customers from online crimes. These Guiding Principles are aspirational, 
developed and delivered as a partnership between Government and ISPs. They recognize that ISPs have different sets of 
customers, offer different levels of support and services to protect those customers from cyber threats.
Some of the essential cybersecurity principles are described below-
Economy of mechanism Complete mediation
Fail-safe defaults Separation of Privilege
Least Privilege Least Common Mechanism
Open Design Psychological acceptability
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Cyber Security Tools
Protecting our IT environment is very critical. Every organization needs to take cybersecurity very seriously. There are 
numbers of hacking attacks which affecting businesses of all sizes. Hackers, malware, viruses are some of the real security 
threats in the virtual world. It is essential that every company is aware of the dangerous security attacks and it is necessary to 
keep themselves secure. There are many different aspects of the cyber defence may need to be considered. Here are six 
essential tools and services that every organization needs to consider to ensure their cybersecurity is as strong as possible. 
They are described below:
1.  Firewalls
2.  Antivirus Software
3.  PKI Services
4.  Managed Detection and Response Service (MDR)
5. Penetration Testing
6. Staff Training
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➢ Well Experienced faculty
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➢ Training based on Real-time scenario's
➢ Provides course material (e-books only)
➢ Affordable course fee structure
➢ Innovative Training methods
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