A comparison of a literature review by ChatGPT and expert writers 
                     DIFFERENT TYPES OF 
METHODOLOGIES IN 
MANAGEMENT PHD 
RESEARCH  
An Academic presentation by 
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, Tutors India 
Group www.tutorsindia.com
Email: [email protected]
ChatGPT- an innovative content 
generation tool 
• ChatGPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), developed by 
OpenAI, is an artificial intelligence language tool that used 
machine learning algorithms to develop text (Ariyaratne, 
2023). Those who adopted ChatGPT early have praised the 
tool for the content it develops.
• ChatGPT produces content that is coherent and difficult to 
distinguish from the text written by humans. 
• However, there are numerous articles that highlight the end of 
traditional assignments, as ChatGPT could generate high-
scoring papers and stimulate critical thinking. 
• The ethical and permissible limits of ChatGPT's use in 
scientific writing are still unknown (Gao, 2022). 
Studies on the reliability of ChatGPT content 
Research has been conducted on determining the capabilities of chatbots with scientific rigour. 
• According to Yeadon et al. (2023), ten essays on physics were assessed for academic content, 
comprehension of the underlying topic and writing style. The results revealed that the essays written by AI 
were of a high-quality, but the quality varies in a way similar to essays written by humans. 
• A study by Herbold et al. (2023) that compared the essays written by Humans and ChatGPT, it was 
discovered that using ChatGPT resulted in high-quality essays and was effective in writing argumentative 
essays.  
• The content generated by AI was highly structured and had identical beginnings of the concluding sections, 
such as “Overall”, “In summary ”and “In conclusion”. On the other hand, human-written essays are looser in 
structure and representing the guidelines.  
• However, researchers have noted the limitation of CharGPT for research purposes: ChatGPT does not 
produce original ideas; it generates content based on the training data. 
• This phenomenon significantly increases the chances of plagiarism.
• A study conducted by Ariyaratne et al. in 2023 revealed that four out of five papers generated by ChatGPT 
were erroneous, and one had false references. 
• This raises the question of authenticity of using ChatGPT for academic research. Kleebayon (2023) noted 
that ChatGPT has a tendency for giving a biased content. 
• Moreover, scholars ague that when CharGPT cannot co-author a research, it is unethical to use ChatGPT for 
literature review and other academic research (Haman, 2023).  
ChatGPT vs Expert Writers : 
• Liao and Sundar (2023) conducted an experiment that describes about the MAIN model for 
communication. The following is an excerpt from the study, serving as a proof that ChatGPT cannot be 
used for conducting a literature review: 
Prompt: Describe MAIN Model by Shyam Sundar 
ChatGPT: The MAIN Model, developed by S. Shyam Sundar, is a theoretical 
framework that explains how people process and make sense of information 
they encounter online, and how the design of digital media platforms 
shapes this process. The acronym MAIN stands for Media Affordances and 
Heuristics-based Information Processing. The model posits that the design of 
digital media platforms, specifically the technological affordances of the 
platform, shapes the cognitive heuristics that users employ when processing 
information. 
• For the uninitiated, the answer seems correct. However, those who have specialised in the field can 
discern its accuracy. 
• Likewise, if a student refers exclusively to ChatGPT without referring to academic publications for their 
literature review, they may get the concepts wrong and their literature review may be adversely affected. 
 
• Here is the content for the MAIN model, written by a human: 
• MAIN model, conceptualised by Shyam Sundar, is an acronym for the four key purposes of media that can 
have psychological effects on the audience- Modality (M), Agency (A), Interactivity (I) and Navigability 
(N).
• Although the source and content of digital media are crucial in establishing ascribed credibility, the MAIN 
model focuses on the technological characteristics of digital media that can influence credibility 
judgements.  
CONCLUSION 
• ChatGPT is a type of Artificial Intelligence tool based on Large Language Models that have been trained 
to generate human-like content. 
• It has gained significant interest from many users for its content. Research has shown that ChatGPT 
can produce structured essays. 
• However, there were some concerns regarding the sources, plagiarism and the quality of content. 
• From the comparison between ChatGPT-generated content and human content, it is evident that the 
content from ChatGPT is incorrect.
• Therefore, students must exercise caution before blindly using ChatGPT for assistance with their 
assignments and dissertations.  Nevertheless, they can use ChatGPT for help with structuring their 
content.  
ABOUT TUTORS INDIA 
• At Tutors India, we are a team of academic researchers and writers who assist students with writing a 
literature review.
• Our team is diverse, enabling us to guide students specialising in various disciplines. 
• We ensure selecting articles from reputed journals and abide by the university guidelines for 
assignments, essays and dissertations. 
• Moreover, we proofread and edit the content, ensuring the review is error- and plagiarism-free.  
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