webhostlectureppt
                     Web Hosting, Domain Names,
Definition of Terms
 DNS – Domain Name  FTP – a File Transfer 
System is a hierarchical Protocol for exchanging and 
naming system that serves manipulating files over a TCP 
as the "phone book" for the computer network. An FTP 
Internet by translating client may connect to an FTP 
human-friendly computer server to manipulate files on 
hostnames into IP addresses. that server.
 Domain Name – provides a  ISP – Internet Service 
symbolic representation, Provider; also called 
such as recognizable names, Internet Access Provider or 
to mostly numerically IAP. It is a company that 
addressed Internet offers its customers access to 
resources. Multiple IP the Internet.
addresses can be assigned to 
one domain name.
Web Servers
 At the most basic level, a server is a technology solution 
that “serves” files, data, print, fax resources, and more to 
multiple computers.
 The word “server” often refers to the specialized computer 
(or hardware) that the server software runs on. The server 
is optimized to perform services for other computers or 
“clients.” Clients can be computers as well as printers, 
faxes, or other devices that connect to the server.
Major Types of Web Hosting
 Free web hosting service: Free, (sometimes) 
advertisement-supported web hosting, and is often 
limited when compared to paid hosting.
 Good: Low cost. It's free. Good for family, 
hobby or personal sites. Free email is often an 
option.
 Bad: No domain names. Few, limited, or no 
software options. Limited security options. 
Limited or no database support. Limited 
technical support.
Web Hosting
 At its core, a Web server serves static content to a 
Web browser by loading a file from a disk and serving 
it across the network to a user's Web browser. This 
entire exchange is mediated by the browser and 
server talking to each other using HTTP.
 Some companies that like Hostagle own computers 
acting as web servers often offer web hosting services
 Web hosting is a service which allocates space for 
customers to showcase their websites on computer 
servers that are connected to the Internet 24/7.
Major Types of Web Hosting
 Shared web hosting service: One's website is placed on 
the same server as many other sites, ranging from a few to 
hundreds or thousands. Typically, all domains may share a 
common pool of server resources, such as RAM and the CPU. 
The features available with this type of service can be quite 
extensive. A shared website may be hosted with a reseller.
 Good: Low cost. Cost is shared with others. Good 
for small business and average traffic. Multiple 
software options. Own domain name. Good support.
 Bad: Reduced security due to many sites on one 
server. Restrictions on traffic volume. Restricted 
database support. Restricted software support. 
Major Types of Web Hosting
 Virtual Dedicated Server: Dividing a server into virtual 
servers, where each user feels like they're on their own 
dedicated server, but they're actually sharing a server with 
many other users. The users may have root access to their 
own virtual space. This is also known as a virtual private 
server or VPS. Customers are sometimes responsible for 
patching and maintaining the server.
 Good: Low cost. Cost is shared with others. Good 
for small business and average traffic. Multiple 
software options. Own domain name. Good 
support.
 Bad: Reduced security due to many sites on one 
server. Restrictions on traffic volume. Restricted 
database support. Restricted software support.
Major Types of Web Hosting
 Dedicated hosting service: the user gets his or her own 
Web server and gains full control over it (root access for 
Linux/administrator access for Windows); however, the user 
typically does not own the server. Another type of Dedicated 
hosting is Self-Managed or Unmanaged. This is usually the 
least expensive for Dedicated plans. The user has full 
administrative access to the box, which means the client is 
responsible for the security and maintenance of his own 
dedicated box.
 Good: Good for large business. Good for high traffic. 
Multiple domain names. Powerful email solutions. 
Powerful database support. Strong (unlimited) 
software support.
 Bad: Expensive. Requires higher skills.
Major Types of Web Hosting
 Colocation web hosting service: Similar to the dedicated 
web hosting service, but the user owns the server; the 
hosting company like Hostagle provides physical space that 
the server takes up and takes care of the server. This is the 
most powerful and expensive type of web hosting service. 
In most cases, the colocation provider may provide little to 
no support directly for their client's machine, providing only 
the electrical, Internet access, and storage facilities for the 
server. In most cases, the client would have his own 
administrator visit the data center on-site to do any 
hardware upgrades or changes.
 Good: High bandwidth. High up-time. High 
security. Unlimited software options.
 Bad: Expensive. Requires higher skills. Harder to 
configure and debug.
Other Types of Web Hosting
 Reseller web hosting: allows clients to become web 
hosts themselves. Resellers could function, for 
individual domains, under any combination of these 
listed types of hosting, depending on who they are 
affiliated with as a provider. Resellers' accounts may 
vary tremendously in size: they may have their own 
virtual dedicated server to a colocated server. Many 
resellers Hostagle provide a nearly identical service to 
their provider's shared hosting plan and provide the 
technical support themselves.
Other Types of Web Hosting
 Managed hosting service: The user gets his or her 
own Web server but is not allowed full control over it 
(root access for Linux/administrator access for 
Windows); however, they are allowed to manage their 
data via FTP or other remote management tools. The 
user is disallowed full control so that the provider can 
guarantee quality of service by not allowing the user 
to modify the server or potentially create configuration 
problems. The user typically does not own the server. 
The server is leased to the client.
Other Types of Web Hosting
 Clustered hosting: having multiple servers hosting the 
same content for better resource utilization. Clustered 
Servers are a perfect solution for high-availability dedicated 
hosting, or creating a scalable web hosting solution.
 Grid hosting: this form of distributed hosting is when a 
server cluster acts like a grid and is composed of multiple 
nodes.
 Home server: usually a single machine placed in a private 
residence can be used to host one or more web sites from a 
usually consumer-grade broadband connection. These can 
be purpose-built machines or more commonly old PCs. 
Some ISPs actively attempt to block home servers by 
disallowing incoming requests to TCP port 80 of the user's 
connection and by refusing to provide static IP addresses. A 
common way to attain a reliable DNS hostname is by 
creating an account with a dynamic DNS service. A dynamic 
DNS service will automatically change the IP address that a 
URL points to when the IP address changes.
Specific Types of Web Hosting
 File hosting service: hosts files, not web pages e.g. 
RapidShare, Megaupload
 Image hosting service: hosts images e.g. Flickr, 
Photobucket, Picasa
 Video hosting service – hosts videos e.g. YouTube, Vimeo
 Blog hosting service – hosts blogs using blog CMS e.g. 
Blogger, Wordpress.com, Xanga, LiveJournal
 One-click hosting – allows upload of large files and sends a 
URL of the file to other users for download e.g. YouSendIt, 
DropBox
 Shopping cart software – software is hosted and application 
use is rented out as a service; no installation needed, e.g. 
Basket2go.net
Up Next...
DOMAIN NAMES
 Types and Issues
 How To Register
Domain Names
 Domain names are often referred to simply as domains and 
domain name registrants are frequently referred to as 
domain owners, although domain name registration with a 
registrar does not confer any legal ownership of the name, 
only an exclusive right of use.
 Simply registering a domain name does not protect you if 
another company files a trademark infringement claim — if 
they hold a legal trademark, you can lose your domain name 
and even find yourself liable for the owner's legal costs.
 Domain names are restricted to the ASCII letters a through z 
(case-insensitive), the digits 0 through 9, and the hyphen, 
with some other restrictions in terms of name length and 
position of hyphens.
Differences Between
 URL: http://www.example.net/index.html
 Domain name: www.example.net
 Registered domain name: example.net
The hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) specifies that the client 
tells the server which name is being used. This way, one 
server with one IP address can provide different sites for 
different domain names (virtual hosting). For example, the 
server at IP address 208.77.188.166 handles all of the 
following sites: example.com, www.example.com, 
example.net, www.example.net, example.org, 
www.example.org 
Parts of a Domain Name
 A domain name usually consists of two or more parts 
(technically a label), which is conventionally written 
separated by dots, such as example.com.
 The rightmost label conveys the top-level domain (for 
example, the address www.example.com has the top-
level domain com).
 Each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or 
subdomain of the domain above it. Note: “subdomain” 
expresses relative dependence, not absolute 
dependence. For example: example.com is a 
subdomain of the com domain, and www.example.com 
is a subdomain of the domain example.com.
 A hostname refers to a domain name that has one or 
more associated IP addresses; ie: the 
'www.example.com' and 'example.com' domains are 
both hostnames, however, the 'com' domain is not.
Types of Domain Names
 Generic Top-level domains (gTLD):
 Generic:.com, .net and .org, .info, .biz, .name, .pro
 Sponsored: .gov, .edu, .asia, .mobi
 Country-Code Top Level Domains (ccTLD):
 e.g.: .co.uk, .ph, .us
 Second-Level Domain Names – to the left of TLDs
 Domain Hacks – unconventional use of TLDs to make it part 
of the website's title
 e.g.: del.icio.us, ma.gnolia.com
Domain Name Registration 
InAdfmoinistrative contact -  has the highest level of control over 
a domain
 Functions : management of all business information, 
such as name of record, postal address, and contact 
information of the official registrant of the domain 
and the obligation to conform to the requirements of 
the domain registry in order to retain the right to 
use a domain name, and installs additional contact 
information for technical and billing functions.
Technical contact - manages the name servers of a domain 
name.
 Functions : assuring conformance of the 
configurations of the domain name with the 
requirements of the domain registry, maintaining 
the domain zone records, and providing continuous 
functionality of the name servers (that leads to the 
accessibility of the domain name).
Domain Name Registration Info
Billing contact - responsible for receiving billing invoices from 
the domain name registrar and paying applicable fees.
Name servers - Domains usually need at least two 
authoritative name servers that perform name resolution for 
the domain. If they are not automatically provided by the 
registrar, the domain holder must specify domain names and 
IP addresses for these servers.
What is a Subdomain?
 This is what other people refer to as “third-level domain.” No need to register.
 Also used to identify two different IP addresses on the same server (machine 
names). It is also used to point to different computers with the same 
information (load balancing).
 Scalability of a domain allows for multiple subdomains to be created. It helps 
in organizing information. Subdomains allow better hosting options as 
compared to subdirectories.
How To Register A Domain Name
 Select a unique easy-to-remember name. 
Underscores are okay as well as dashes. It must be at 
least two characters long and no more than 63 
characters maximum, excluding the top level domain. 
The first and last character cannot be a hyphen. 
Domain names are not case-sensitive.
 Check with Whois.net whether it's available or not. 
There are other free whois tools online that can help 
you find an available domain name. Some good 
domain names are often taken and you might want to 
consider buying these from the owner if they are for 
sale, or you can buy expired domains which the 
owners didn't renew after a year.
How To Register A Domain Name
 If it's available, then choose your domain name 
extension. The most popular top-level domains may 
cost higher than the less used ones.
 Go to checkout and pay for your domain name. You 
can use either PayPal or a Credit Card.
 Edit your account at the domain registrar site to 
reflect the domain name servers (at least 2) to point 
your domain to. These domain name servers (DNS) 
are provided by your web host and are needed to 
help translate numerical IP addresses to human-
readable domain names. 
What are Domain Name Servers?
Name servers do two things all day long:
 They accept requests from programs to convert domain names into IP 
addresses.
 They accept requests from other name servers to convert domain 
names into IP addresses.
When a request comes in, the name server can do one of four 
things with it:
 It can answer the request with an IP address because it already knows 
the IP address for the domain.
 It can contact another name server and try to find the IP address for the 
name requested. It may have to do this multiple times.
 It can say, "I don't know the IP address for the domain you requested, 
but here's the IP address for a name server that knows more than I do."
 It can return an error message because the requested domain name is 
invalid or does not exist.
What are the server 
requirements?
 Server requirements will depend on the type 
of server platform to use and the languages it 
can handle
 The most common web server software is 
Apache for Unix and Linux servers, followed 
by Windows IIS.
 Most websites use PHP and HTML to serve 
web pages. For dynamic sites, you might need 
to create databases using MySQL to manage 
content all throughout your site.
 PHP and MySQL go hand-in-hand like peanut 
butter and jelly.
Programming Languages and 
Databases
 The most common database for a web server is MySQL, 
which is a free open-source database system. MSSQL, 
PostgreSQL and GNU SQL are also popular SQL servers.
 Be sure that the PHP on the server is up to date, otherwise 
PHP scripts may not function properly. PHP 5.2 is the newest 
version.
 If you want to study PHP, you can read tutorials at PHP.net
 phpMyAdmin is a free software tool written in PHP intended 
to handle the administration of MySQL over the Web. 
Available for download at phpmyadmin.net
 CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and AJAX ( Asynchronous 
Javascript And XML) are just web development techniques.
Information Technology Skills 
NeedThee dmost searched for and the most blogged among 
web programming languages are Java, PHP and 
Javascript. Java is used often for software and 
applications development. PHP and Javascript are 
used for web development projects.
 As of 2008, the top back end programming 
languages and frameworks used are PHP, Javascript, 
ASP.NET, Python, Ruby, Java, ASP and ColdFusion.
 Commonly used frameworks include Ruby on Rails 
(the single most used framework), Django, Python, 
Zend (the most commonly used PHP framework) 
and CakePHP. Other frameworks include Java Struts, 
CodeIgniter for PHP, and Java Spring.
Web Host Management
 Web hosts provide graphical user interface (GUI) 
software for easy management of one's site. 
Examples of these GUI are cPanel (www.cpanel.net) 
and Plesk.
 For easy website creation many companies like 
Hostagle have created content management 
software for blogs, forums and websites. Examples 
of CMS are Wordpress, Drupal, Joomla, phBB (for 
forums), BoonEx Dolphin (for social networking 
sites) and Blogger.
 For local installations, you can use XAMPP which you 
can download at apachefriends.org
 XAMPP can be installed in almost all types of OS (i.e. 
Windows, Linux, Solaris and Mac OS X)
FINISH
Thank you for staying until the end.