Ming and Qing China and Tokugawa Japan (1)
                     AP World History
Mr. Charnley
Ming and Qing China 
and Tokugawa Japan
Ming Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang
 14th century
 Yuan dynasty 
military leader
 Civil war between 
military rebel leaders 
and Mongol rulers
Emperor Hongwu
 Removed Mongol 
influence from China
Ming Dynasty
 Hongwu Emperor
 Neo Confucianism
▪ Revival of Confucian philosophy
▪ Rejected Buddhist and Taoist 
influences of Confucianism
 Civil Service System
 Restored Confucian scholar-
gentry
 Consolidated power
▪ Public punishment for corrupt 
officials
▪ Limited number of eunuchs in 
capital
▪ Exiled claimants to imperial throne
▪ Imperial marriages to women from 
peasantry
Ming Dynasty
Hongwu Emperor
 Empowered peasantry
▪ Public works projects
▪ Land grants
 Rise of scholar-gentry
▪ Wealthy landholders and educated imperial 
officials
▪ Neo-Confucian social, gender, and familial 
roles
Ming Dynasty
 Economic prosperity
 Columbian Exchange
▪ Maize
▪ Sweet potatoes
▪ Peanuts
 Population growth
▪ Doubled between 17th and 19th 
centuries
 International trade
▪ High demand for silk, tea, and 
ceramics
▪ Spanish and Portuguese silver 
imports
▪ Restricted foreign markets to 
Macao and Canton
Ming Dynasty
Zhu Di
 1403-1424
 Exploration
▪ Zheng He (1405-1433)
▪ Demonstrated Chinese wealth, 
power, and technological 
superiority to Southeast 
Asia, Middle East, and East 
Africa
▪ Expeditions abandoned by 
government in favor of 
isolationism
 Public Works
▪ Forbidden City
▪ Great Wall


Ming Dynasty
 Foreign influence
 Christian Missionaries
▪ Jesuits
▪ Sought to use European 
technology and science to 
win favor of emperor
▪ Matteo Ricci
 Decline
 Isolationism
 Weak leadership
 Corrupt bureaucracy and 
landowning aristocracy
 Fell in 1644 to Chinese 
rebels and Manchurian 
invaders



Qing Dynasty
Nurhachi
 Ming vassal
 United Manchu tribes
Sinification
▪ Bureaucracy
▪ Confucian ceremonies and rituals
▪ Chinese scholar-gentry
 Invasion
 Allied with Ming to help put down rebellion
 Captured Beijing and conquered China
Qing Dynasty
 Qing Dynasty
 Preserved Ming administration
▪ Civil service exams
▪ Neo-Confucianism
▪ Dual-administration = Manchu and Han 
officials for each position
 Emperor Kangxi
▪ Confucian scholar
▪ Commissioned the publishing of 
encyclopedias
Qing Dynasty
 Economy
 Public works projects
 Low taxation
 Land grants to peasants
▪ Rise of landowning aristocracy
 Foreign trade
▪ Lifted Ming ban on foreign trade
▪ Imported silver
▪ Exported tea, porcelain, silk
Tokugawa Japan
 Japanese society
 Feudalistic
▪ Emperor
▪ Regent
▪ Shogun
▪ Bakufu
▪ Daimyo
 Warlike
 Decentralized
▪ Bushi
▪ Daimyo
▪ Samurai
▪ Ronin
▪ Ninja
Tokugawa Japan
 Oda Nobunaga
 Member of Daimyo 
class
 Adopted European 
firearms
▪ Acquired from 
Portuguese traders in 
16th century
 Civil War
▪ Deposed Ashikaga 
Shogunate in 1573
▪ Betrayed by vassals 
and killed
Tokugawa Japan
Toyotomi 
Hideyoshi
 Loyal vassal of 
Nobunaga
 Conquered Japan in 
1590
 Invasions of Korea
▪ Defeated in 1592
▪ Died on campaign in 
1598
Tokugawa Japan
Tokugawa Ieyasu
 Won civil wars after death 
of Hideyoshi
▪ Battle of Sekigahar (1600)
▪ Reorganized daimyo estates
 Named shogun by 
emperor in 1603 = 
Tokugawa Shogunate
 Moved capital to Edo 
(Tokyo)
▪ Emperor still resided in 
Kyoto
▪ Required Daimyo to live in 
Edo for part of the year as 
hostages
Tokugawa Japan
 Foreign Influence
 Trade
▪ Exported silver, copper, and 
pottery
▪ Imported firearms, printing 
presses, and clocks
 Religion
▪ Jesuit missionaries converted 
daimyo to Christianity
▪ Francis Xavier
▪ Nobunaga encouraged 
missionaries to weaken Buddhist 
monasteries
▪ Hideyoshi exiled missionaries and 
persecuted Christians
▪ Ieyasu banned Christianity in 1614
Tokugawa Japan
 Isolationism
 1616 all foreigners were restricted to port cities
 1630 Japanese ships could not trade or sail 
overseas
 1640’s – only Dutch and Chinese could trade 
with Japan from island of Deshima near 
Nagasaki
 Banned foreign books
 School of National Learning
▪ Return to indigenous Japanese culture
▪ Anti-Confucianism