Self-Driving Cars and Transportation
                     SELF-DRIVING CARS 
AND 
TRANSPORTATION
Autonomous Car
 A self-driving car (sometimes called an autonomous car 
or driverless car) is a vehicle that uses a combination of 
sensors, cameras, radar and artificial intelligence (AI) to 
travel between destinations without a human operator. 
Source: techtarget.com
Navigate without human intervention
 To qualify as fully autonomous, a vehicle must be able 
to navigate without human intervention to a 
predetermined destination over roads that have not 
been adapted for its use.
Source: techtarget.com
Companies Developing Autonomous Car
 Companies developing, testing autonomous cars 
include Audi, BMW, Ford, Google, General Motors, 
Tesla, Volkswagen and Volvo. 
 Google's test involved a fleet of self-driving cars 
including Toyota Prii and an Audi TT navigating over 
140,000 miles of California streets and highways.
Source: techtarget.com
How Autonomous Cars Work?
 AI technologies power self-driving car systems. 
Developers of self-driving cars use vast amounts of data 
from image recognition systems, along with machine 
learning and neural networks, to build systems that can 
drive autonomously.
Source: techtarget.com
Neural Networks
 The neural networks identify patterns in the data, which 
is fed to the machine learning algorithms. 
 That data includes images from cameras on self-driving 
cars from which the neural network learns to identify.
Source: techtarget.com
 Self-driving features
 Hands-free steering centers the car without the driver's 
hands on the wheel. 
 Adaptive cruise control (ACC) down to a stop 
automatically maintains a selectable distance between 
the driver's car and the car in front.
 Lane-centering steering intervenes when the driver 
crosses lane markings.
Source: techtarget.com
Levels of autonomy in self-driving cars
 Level 1: An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) aid 
the human driver with steering, braking or accelerating, 
though not simultaneously
 Level 2: An ADAS that can steer and either brake or 
accelerate simultaneously while the driver remains fully 
aware behind.
 Level 3: It can perform all driving tasks under certain 
circumstances, such as parking the car. 
 Level 4: An ADS can perform all driving tasks and monitor 
the driving environment in certain circumstances. 
 Level 5: The vehicle's ADS acts as a virtual chauffeur and 
does all the driving in all circumstances. 
Source: techtarget.com
Pros of self-driving cars
 The top benefit touted by autonomous vehicle 
proponents is safety. 
 A U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and NHTSA 
statistical projection of traffic fatalities for 2017 
estimated that 37,150 people died in motor vehicle 
traffic accidents that year. 
Source: techtarget.com
Cons of self-driving cars
 Riding in a vehicle without a driver behind the steering 
wheel may be unnerving at least at first. 
 But as self-driving capabilities become commonplace, 
human drivers may become overly reliant on the 
autopilot technology.
Source: techtarget.com
Self-driving car safety and challenges
 Autonomous cars must learn to identify countless 
objects in the vehicle's path, from branches and litter to 
animals and people. 
 Other challenges on the road are tunnels that interfere 
with the Global Positioning System (GPS), construction 
projects that cause lane changes or complex decisions.
Source: techtarget.com