Total Soluble Solid
                     Total soluble 
solid
Introduction
Total soluble solids are solids that are dissolved within a 
substance. A common total soluble solid is sugar. 
The technique of measuring the concentration of total 
soluble solids is called refractometry, and it is used 
extensively in the food industry.
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HYDROMETRY
This technique measures the density of the liquid. A 
glass hydrometer with a suitable scale is floated in a 
sample of the test liquid that is usually held in a 
measuring cylinder. 
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HYDROMETRY CONT.
Hydrometers can be bought pre-calibrated to a variety of 
scales including Brix, Balling or Baumé. The 
measurement is subject to temperature effects and 
therefore the temperature must be measured and the 
observed reading corrected using published tables.
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REFRACTOMETRY
 Refractometers are instruments that measure the 
refractive index of fruit must using the phenomenon of 
light refraction or of total internal reflection of light. 
The sugar content of fruits is determined by measuring 
the refractive index of their juice. 
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MEASUREMENT OF 
REFRACTOMETRY
Like hydrometers, refractometers can also be purchased 
with a variety of scales. The measurement of refractive 
index is subject to temperature effects and therefore 
must be corrected for temperature. 
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MEASUREMENT OF 
REFRACTOMETRY CONT.
Refractometer equipped with a scale, based on the 
relationship between refractive indices at 20°Bx 
(pronounced as 20 degrees brix) and the percentage by 
mass of total soluble solids of a pure aqueous sucrose 
solution.
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DENSITY
Density meters can measure the density of a test liquid 
with great precision, although the temperature of the 
sample must be well controlled. 
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DENSITY
A variety of scales are available and most instruments 
have automatic temperature compensation provided.
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