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How Neglect of 64 Kalas in Education Led to Sub-Optimal Industrial Output Post Indian Independence
How Neglect of 64 Kalas in Education Led to Sub-Optimal Industrial
Output Post Indian Independence?
Chaitanya Kumari
Writes informational articles on ancient Indian
artisan vocational education, 64 kala or
craftmanship in ancient india, along with
others articles on finance, health, sanathana
dharma and wisdom.
As India attained independence from British rule, a new task dawned on its
rulers. It was rebuilding its economy after centuries of planned colonial
exploitation. However, as the rulers focused on managing industrial growth and
improving people’s lives, they also neglected India’s 64 kalas of traditional arts,
crafts, and vocational skills. Hence, didn’t imbibe them in their education and
policy planning. This led to subpar industrial output, and India missed its
opportunity to use its inherent talent of finely skilled craftsmen.
Angus Maddison, a British historian whose area of expertise is economic history
has estimated that India accounted for 32 percent of world GDP for over 1000
years, and even in 1500 AD India’s share of world GDP was at 25% of world
GDP. All this success was due to manufacturing high-quality products in small
units in villages or small town clusters across India. It is only during British
colonial rule, that this flourishing manufacturing sector was destroyed and
people were pushed into agriculture.
Policy makers neglected the inherent strength of small-scale
manufacturing.
Policymakers were unable to recognise the inherent talent and potential of
these Indian craftsmen, who for many centuries had created the smoothest
textiles, metalwork, and world-renowned works in wooden furniture, dyes,
jewellery, and engineering marvels, thus making India a global manufacturing
leader. Instead of simply integrating these skilled artisans into the new
industrial fabric, the then policymakers often considered them a thing of the
past and thus irrelevant, especially when it comes to meeting the modern
requirements of development.
Short-sightedness or a colonial mindset in policymakers led to the
neglect of 64 kalas.
After India’s independence, policies were heavily focused on building large-
scale heavy industries, such as steel plants, large factories, and mining
inspired by Western industrialization models and practices. Even though this
was essential in a way for building national capacity, this approach also
overlooked the decentralized and small-scale manufacturing sector that had
for millennia defined India’s livelihood and economy. Such a misalignment
ignored the needs of millions of artisans and craftsmen who could have used
their knowledge and skills under the right conditions to make India a center for
high-quality manufacturing with excellent employment potential and also
exports.
Recently, we have seen high-fashion brands use Kolhapuri chappals and
Mukaish coats which are products of the 64 kalas to sell them at luxury prices.
With proper encouragement, marketing, and support, the same could have
been done by the Indian government to boost exports and earn foreign
exchange.
Banks operated according to European business models
Another problem with this approach was reliance on Western banking models,
which were ill-suited for small-sector lending, as they required collateral,
paperwork, and structures that were not known to traditional craftsmen and
family-run manufacturing units. They did not reform the banks that were
designed to support British businessmen and traders. The artisans found it
hard to get credit, upgrade their tools, and scale their production, thus
remaining trapped in cycles of underinvestment and poverty. This is why, they
were unable to contribute powerfully to India’s emerging industrial goals or
generate large foreign exchange with exports.
The European framework imposed on the Indian context led to poor
performance.
The lack of an India-centric approach to supporting the traditional
manufacturing sectors also led to poor reforms in educational policies.
Education centers like schools, colleges, and universities prioritize abstract
theoretical learning over skill-based training. However, the rich traditions of the
64 kalas could have worked as the backbone of vocational education to
produce skilled experts in a variety of fields. These lessons were not integrated
into the curricula and gave birth to a generation of youth disconnected from
their traditional knowledge systems. It also made them extremely ill-equipped
to engage in practical, skill-driven manufacturing sectors. The education
system in British rule was designed to create a surplus for clerical roles in
British bureaucracy at low positions. Unlike the USA, Germany, Japan, and
other successful countries – India did not focus enough on or make vocational
education glamorous.
The agricultural policies implemented after independence focused heavily on
enhancing food production, partly driven by the memories of colonial-era
famines and the pressing need for food security. This led to growth in farming,
but it also sidelined the importance of skill development, which was crucial for
the growth of industrial sectors. Such nearsightedness in policymaking
eventually led to sub-optimal industrial output post-independence.
Time to re-energize vocational education and jobs
The purpose of this article is to face the facts of the past mistakes and
consider making a course correction. The NEP 2020 has a vision to integrate
vocational education into the education ecosystem. But there is a lack of
energy in bringing real progress on the ground, so visible change has been
slow. We hope this article, will boost in a small way the need to support
vocational education and employment.
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