How Neglect of 64 Kalas in Education Led to Sub-Optimal Industrial Output Post Indian Independence


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Uploaded on Jul 14, 2025

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How Neglect of 64 Kalas in Education Led to Sub-Optimal Industrial Output Post Indian Independence

How Neglect of 64 Kalas in Education Led to Sub-Optimal Industrial Output Post Indian Independence?   Chaitanya Kumari Writes informational articles on ancient Indian  artisan vocational education, 64 kala or  craftmanship in ancient india, along with  others articles on finance, health, sanathana  dharma and wisdom. As India attained independence from British rule, a new task dawned on its  rulers. It was rebuilding its economy after centuries of planned colonial  exploitation. However, as the rulers focused on managing industrial growth and  improving people’s lives, they also neglected India’s 64 kalas of traditional arts,  crafts, and vocational skills.  Hence, didn’t imbibe them in their education and  policy planning. This led to subpar industrial output, and India missed its  opportunity to use its inherent talent of finely skilled craftsmen. Angus Maddison, a British historian whose area of expertise is economic history  has estimated that India accounted for 32 percent of world GDP for over 1000  years, and even in 1500 AD India’s share of world GDP was at 25% of world  GDP. All this success was due to manufacturing high-quality products in small  units in villages or small town clusters across India. It is only during British  colonial rule, that this flourishing manufacturing sector was destroyed and  people were pushed into agriculture. Policy makers neglected the inherent strength of small-scale manufacturing. Policymakers were unable to recognise the inherent talent and potential of  these Indian craftsmen, who for many centuries had created the smoothest  textiles, metalwork, and world-renowned works in wooden furniture, dyes,  jewellery, and engineering marvels, thus making India a global manufacturing  leader. Instead of simply integrating these skilled artisans into the new  industrial fabric, the then policymakers often considered them a thing of the  past and thus irrelevant, especially when it comes to meeting the modern  requirements of development. Short-sightedness or a colonial mindset in policymakers led to the neglect of 64 kalas. After India’s independence, policies were heavily focused on building large- scale heavy industries, such as steel plants, large factories, and mining  inspired by Western industrialization models and practices. Even though this  was essential in a way for building national capacity, this approach also  overlooked the decentralized and small-scale manufacturing sector that had  for millennia defined India’s livelihood and economy. Such a misalignment  ignored the needs of millions of artisans and craftsmen who could have used  their knowledge and skills under the right conditions to make India a center for  high-quality manufacturing with excellent employment potential and also  exports.   Recently, we have seen high-fashion brands use Kolhapuri chappals and  Mukaish coats which are products of the 64 kalas to sell them at luxury prices.  With proper encouragement, marketing, and support, the same could have  been done by the Indian government to boost exports and earn foreign  exchange. Banks operated according to European business models Another problem with this approach was reliance on Western banking models,  which were ill-suited for small-sector lending, as they required collateral,  paperwork, and structures that were not known to traditional craftsmen and  family-run manufacturing units.  They did not reform the banks that were  designed to support British businessmen and traders. The artisans found it  hard to get credit, upgrade their tools, and scale their production, thus  remaining trapped in cycles of underinvestment and poverty. This is why, they  were unable to contribute powerfully to India’s emerging industrial goals or  generate large foreign exchange with exports.     The European framework imposed on the Indian context led to poor performance. The lack of an India-centric approach to supporting the traditional  manufacturing sectors also led to poor reforms in educational policies.  Education centers like schools, colleges, and universities prioritize abstract  theoretical learning over skill-based training. However, the rich traditions of the  64 kalas could have worked as the backbone of vocational education to  produce skilled experts in a variety of fields. These lessons were not integrated  into the curricula and gave birth to a generation of youth disconnected from  their traditional knowledge systems. It also made them extremely ill-equipped  to engage in practical, skill-driven manufacturing sectors. The education  system in British rule was designed to create a surplus for clerical roles in  British bureaucracy at low positions. Unlike the USA, Germany, Japan, and  other successful countries – India did not focus enough on or make vocational  education glamorous. The agricultural policies implemented after independence focused heavily on  enhancing food production, partly driven by the memories of colonial-era  famines and the pressing need for food security. This led to growth in farming,  but it also sidelined the importance of skill development, which was crucial for  the growth of industrial sectors. Such nearsightedness in policymaking  eventually led to sub-optimal industrial output post-independence.   Time to re-energize vocational education and jobs  The purpose of this article is to face the facts of the past mistakes and  consider making a course correction. The NEP 2020 has a vision to integrate  vocational education into the education ecosystem. But there is a lack of  energy in bringing real progress on the ground, so visible change has been  slow. We hope this article, will boost in a small way the need to support  vocational education and employment.  About Living Smartly Living-smartly.com is a website that publishes information specifically focused on helping people to make right choices in their every day challenges. 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