Examining the history, classification, causes and treatment of psychological disorders - Pubrica
                     CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY:
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY BY
SYSTEMATICALLY EXAMINING 
THHISETORY, CLASSIFICATION, 
CAANUDS TERSEATMENT OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
An Academic presentation by
Dr. Nancy Agens, Head, Technical Operations, Pubrica
Group: 
wEmwawi.l:p [email protected]
Today's Discussion
Introductio
Outlin n
How to Examine Whether Someone is a Patient of Mental Illness 
e or Not How to do a Patient’s History Examined Systematically
Classification of 
Psychopathology
The Main Classes of Mental Illness 
are
Cause of Psychological 
Disorder
Treatment for Psychological 
Disorder
The Categories of Treatment are as 
Follows
Introduction
Our emotions, manifestation of behavior, emotions, and feelings are related to our 
mind and the scientific study of our mind is called Psychology.
This is the broad branch of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of 
mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
This is also known as experimental or behavioral science.
Psychopathology is a common term in the study of clinical psychology.
How to Examine Whether Someone is a 
Patient of Mental Illness or Not?
For this, a comprehensive assessment or systematic examination of History is required. 
This assessment consists of two sections.
The first one is a section of History that includes how the present symptoms have 
evolved, review of past treatments, past and present medical conditions, family history of 
psychiatric problems and treatment, personal history of the patient.
How to Examine Patient’s History 
Systematically
Identification: Information about patient’s age and sex, mainly racial or ethnic 
information, and sometimes includes religious affiliation.
Chief Complaint: a voice recording of the patient that describes why he or she seeks 
treatment.
History of the Present Illness : a chronological description from when and how 
the symptoms have progressed.
Past Psychiatric History : includes previous incidents and symptoms, treatment, 
etc.
Contd
..
Medical History: Medical history is also important because sometimes a 
person's illness or major surgery may cause mental disturbances.
Family History: mental disorders can be genetic so family history may help to 
diagnose and proper treatment.
Personal History: it has a very significant role as it describes events 
throughout a person’s life.
Classification of 
Psychopathology
In ancient ages, it was believed that unusual and strange behaviour was due to the 
possession of evil spirits.
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, physicians began to identify symptoms 
and classified them as a disease.
In the twentieth century, two new approaches were contributed by German physician 
Emil Kraepelin and Sigmund Freud which have major influences in the understanding 
and classification of psychopathology.
Main Classes of Mental 
Illness
Mood Disorders:
Includes disturbance of mood, this is divided into depressive and bipolar disorder.
A new diagnosis of mood disorder has been reported which is called Disruptive mood 
dysregulation disorder.
Anxiety Disorders:These are characterized by excessive worry about some imaginary 
outcome,these may be general,social anxiety or panic disorder.
Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: These include trichotillomania, body
dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, and excoriation disorder.
Contd
..
Trauma and Stressor Disorders: These occur due to guilt, rage, and shame, stressful 
events, etc.
Somatic Disorders:
Acute pain that does not have any anatomical or neurophysiological origin is labeled 
as psychopathological.
Feeding and Eating Disorders: These disorders affect the normal food habits that 
impair physical health and also psychosocial functions.
Sexual disorder:
This is distorted sexual behavior which is very difficult to differentiate from normal 
sexual behavior.
Contd
..
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders:
This is a very complicated syndrome affecting 1% of the population.
Personality Disorders:
These orders are related to a persistent pattern of behavior, emotions, etc and these 
affect social relationships.
Sleep-Wake Disorders:
This has been reported that up to 60% of adults are suffering from sleep problems due to 
different stress, lifestyle, physiological conditions etc.
Contd
..
Neurodevelopment disorders:
Usually begin in infancy or childhood.
Examples are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disorders. 
Neurocognitive/Organic Disorders:
The two main categories of these disorders are Delirium and Dementia that occurs 
due to brain injury.
Impaired consciousness and cognition are the main characteristics of Delinium.
Causes of Psychological 
Disorder
It is very difficult to detect the exact cause of psychological disorders, but several factors 
influence their development they are,
Inherited traits: psychological disorder is common in people who have relatives 
having the same problem.
Environmental exposures before birth: Exposure to some factors like 
environmental stress, toxins, alcohol, drugs can cause mental illness.
Brain chemistry: Neurotransmitter is a chemical that transmits signals from one 
part to another part of the brain.
Analyzed Data has been suggested at the highest rate of premature death due to both 
natural and unnatural causes.
Treatment for Psychological 
Disorder Treatment depends on the type of 
Treatment from a primary care provider may be sufficient for a patient of 
mpsilydc hmoelongtaicla ill ldniesosrsd.er.
But in severe mental illness like schizophrenia team approach is very 
much important to meet psychiatric, medical and social needs.
Categories of 
Treatment 
Medications: psychiatric medication never cures mental illness but improves symptoms.
Psychotherapy: this is the talking therapy through which one can learn his or her 
moods, thoughts, feelings, behavior, etc.
Brain-stimulation Treatments: These include deep brain stimulation and vagus nerve 
stimulation. repetitive transcranial, electroconvulsive therapy, magnetic stimulation.
Hospital and Residential Treatment Programs: in case of severe condition patients 
have to be admitted to hospital or kept under residential care.
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