Technologies for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Storage
                     TECHNOLOGIES FOR HYDROGEN FUEL CELL 
STORAGE
ONE ELEMENT OF THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY THAT IS ESSENTIAL IS HYDROGEN STORAGE. HYDROGEN 
MUST BE KEPT IN A SOLID STATE, UNDER HIGH PRESSURE, OR AT LOW TEMPERATURES DUE TO ITS 
LOW DENSITY AND GREAT FLAMMABILITY.
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THERE ARE SEVERAL HYDROGEN STORAGE OPTIONS AVAILABLE, AND EACH HAS BENEFITS AND 
DRAWBACKS OF ITS OWN. THE MANY VARIETIES OF HYDROGEN STORAGE SOLUTIONS, TOGETHER 
WITH THEIR ATTRIBUTES AND USES.
1. COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE: THE MOST POPULAR AND EXTENSIVELY UTILIZED 
TECHNIQUE FOR STORING HYDROGEN IS COMPRESSED GAS STORAGE. COMPRESSED HYDROGEN 
GAS IS KEPT IN HIGH-PRESSURE TANKS USING THIS TECHNIQUE. COMPOSITE OR METAL MATERIALS 
CAN BE USED TO MAKE THE TANKS. GREATER STORE CAPACITY IS OFFERED BY HIGHER PRESSURES, 
WHICH FALL BETWEEN 350 AND 700 BAR IN THE STORAGE PRESSURE RANGE. STATIONARY 
APPLICATIONS SUCH AS REFUELING STATIONS, INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS, AND BACKUP POWER CAN 
BENEFIT FROM COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGY. ITS USAGE IN MOBILE 
APPLICATIONS IS LIMITED, NEVERTHELESS, BY THE TANKS' WEIGHT AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS.
2. LIQUID HYDROGEN STORAGE: WHEN HYDROGEN GAS IS STORED IN INSULATED TANKS, IT IS FIRST COOLED TO ITS BOILING POINT 
(-253̒°C) TO LIQUEFY IT. WHEN COMPARING COMPRESSED AND LIQUID HYDROGEN STORAGE, THE FORMER OFFERS A HIGHER 
ENERGY DENSITY. THE TANKS MUST BE TIGHTLY INSULATED TO PREVENT BOIL-OFF AND VENTING, THOUGH, AS IT DEMANDS 
CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES. 
3. METAL HYDRIDE STORAGE: METAL ALLOYS WITH THE ABILITY TO ABSORB AND RELEASE HYDROGEN GAS ARE USED IN METAL 
HYDRIDE STORAGE. ALUMINUM, TITANIUM, OR MAGNESIUM ARE COMMON LIGHTWEIGHT METALS USED TO MAKE METAL 
ALLOYS. METAL HYDRIDE STORAGE HAS SEVERAL BENEFITS, INCLUDING AS LOW OPERATING PRESSURE, SAFETY, AND LARGE 
STORAGE CAPACITY. THE ALLOYS' HIGH COST AND REQUIREMENT FOR HIGH TEMPERATURES TO LIBERATE HYDROGEN ARE 
DRAWBACKS. BACKUP POWER SYSTEMS, TINY FUEL CELLS, AND PORTABLE ELECTRONICS ARE GOOD USES FOR METAL HYDRIDE 
STORAGE.
4. CHEMICAL HYDROGEN STORAGE: CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES THAT CAN RELEASE HYDROGEN GAS WHEN ACTIVATED ARE USED IN 
CHEMICAL HYDROGEN STORAGE. FORMIC ACID, AMMONIA BORANE, AND SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE ARE AMONG THE CHEMICALS, 
WHICH CAN BE EITHER ORGANIC OR INORGANIC. HIGH STORAGE CAPACITY, LOW OPERATING PRESSURE, AND PORTABILITY ARE 
BENEFITS OF CHEMICAL HYDROGEN STORAGE. THE COMPOUNDS' DRAWBACKS ARE THAT THEY ARE COSTLY, PRODUCE 
BYPRODUCTS, AND NEED A CATALYST TO RELEASE HYDROGEN. PORTABLE ELECTRONICS, TINY FUEL CELLS, AND BACKUP POWER 
SYSTEMS CAN ALL BENEFIT FROM CHEMICAL HYDROGEN STORAGE.
• WITHIN THE HYDROGEN SUPPLY CHAIN, STORAGE IS AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT. IN OFF-PEAK HOURS, IT PERMITS THE 
PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND ITS DELIVERY TO THE SITE OF CONSUMPTION. APPLICATIONS VARY IN TERMS OF ENERGY DENSITY, 
SAFETY, AND COST REQUIREMENTS, WHICH INFLUENCE THE CHOICE OF HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES. THE GOAL OF 
ONGOING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IS TO LOWER THE COST OF HYDROGEN STORAGE WHILE INCREASING ITS EFFICIENCY.
•SOME OF THE LEADING COMPANIES THAT SPECIALIZE IN HYDROGEN STORAGE SOLUTIONS, INCLUDES:
1. AIR LIQUIDE: CLEANED GAS CYLINDERS, LARGE STORAGE TANKS, AND TUBE TRAILERS ARE JUST A FEW OF THE HYDROGEN STORAGE OPTIONS 
PROVIDED BY AIR LIQUIDE.
2. LINDE: HIGH-PRESSURE GAS CYLINDERS, TUBE TRAILERS, AND CRYOGENIC STORAGE TANKS ARE JUST A FEW OF THE HYDROGEN STORAGE 
SOLUTIONS THAT LINDE PROVIDES.
3. HEXAGON PURUS: HEXAGON PURUS SPECIALIZES IN COMPOSITE HIGH-PRESSURE HYDROGEN STORAGE TANKS, SUCH AS THE ROBUST AND 
LIGHTWEIGHT TYPE 4 TANKS.
4. MCPHY ENERGY: SOLID-STATE HYDROGEN STORAGE AND HYDROGEN REFUELING STATIONS ARE TWO OF MCPHY ENERGY'S HYDROGEN STORAGE 
OPTIONS.
5. PLUG POWER: PLUG POWER PROVIDES METAL HYDRIDE-BASED STORAGE SOLUTIONS AS WELL AS HYDROGEN STORAGE OPTIONS FOR FUEL 
CELLS.
6. WORTHINGTON INDUSTRIES: BULK STORAGE TANKS AND COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS ARE ONLY TWO OF THE HYDROGEN STORAGE 
SOLUTIONS THAT WORTHINGTON INDUSTRIES PROVIDES.
7. CHART INDUSTRIES: LARGE VOLUMES OF HYDROGEN CAN BE STORED AT LOW TEMPERATURES IN CRYOGENIC STORAGE TANKS, WHICH ARE THE 
SPECIALTY OF CHART INDUSTRIES.
8. HYDROGENICS: COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS AND HYDROGEN REFUELING STATIONS ARE TWO OF THE HYDROGEN STORAGE OPTIONS 
PROVIDED BY HYDROGENICS.
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