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Chapter List
1. Articles (Artículos)
2. Pronouns (Pronombres)
3. Nouns (Sustantivos)
4. Prepositions (Preposiciones)
5. Adjectives (Adjetivos)
6. Adverbs (Adverbios)
7. Accent marks in Spanish (Tildes en Español)
8. Conjunctions (Conjunciones)
9. Armation and Negation in Spanish (Afirmación y 
Negación en Español)
10. Questions in Spanish (Preguntas en Español)
11. Verb To Be in Spanish (Verbos Ser y Estar en Español)
12. Regular and Irregular Verbs in Spanish (Verbos 
regulares e irregulares en Español)
13. Past Tense in Spanish (Verbos en Pasado)
14. Present Tense in Spanish (Verbos en Presente)
15. Future Tense in Spanish (Verbos en Futuro)
16. Modal Verbs (Verbos modales en Español)
17. Reflexive Verbs in Spanish (Verbos Reflexivos en Español)
18. Word Order (Orden de palabras)
19. Direct and Indirect Speech (Estilo directo e indirecto
en Español)
20. Direct and Indirect Object (Objeto directo e indirecto 
en Español)
1.  Articles in Spanish (Artículos en Español) 
What is an article?
Articles are words that accompany nouns. They also indicate the gender and 
number of the noun in a sentence. This is why they are written before the noun and 
can be plural or singular depending on the quantity to which they are referring.
What kind of articles are there in Spanish?
In Spanish, articles can be classified into definite and indefinite
1.  a Definite articles 
Like in English, we use definite articles in Spanish to talk about something specific.
In Spanish, you have 4 forms to choose from:
● el – singular and masculine
● la – singular and feminine
● los – plural and masculine
● las – plural and feminine
Remember: In Spanish, the article needs to match the gender and number 
of the noun. For example, if you use a singular and feminine noun, your 
definite article must also be singular and feminine.
Examples:
El auto de Ana es verde (Ana’s car is green)
La silla es muy cómoda (The chair is very comfortable)
Las manzanas son rojas. (Apples are red.)
Los perros de John son lindos. (John’s dogs are cute)
1.  b Indefinite articles 
Indefinite articles refer to a person or thing that is not defined or specific. In 
English, you use ‘a’, ‘an,’ and ‘some’. In Spanish, again, 4 options are 
available depending on the number and gender:
● un – singular and masculine
● una – singular and feminine
● unos – plural and masculine
● unas – plural and feminine
Examples:
 Quiero un helado. (  I want ice cream.) 
Me compré una campera nueva. (I bought a new jacket.)
Necesito unos resaltadores nuevos. (I need some new highlighters.)
¿Me pasas unas hojas, por favor? (Can I have some sheets, please?)
2.  Pronouns in Spanish (Pronombres en Español) 
What are them?
Pronouns are words used to refer to people,  animals or things without naming
them. They can replace the noun to avoid repetition. They agree in gender and
number with the noun they replace.
What types of pronouns are there?
a.  Personal Pronouns (Pronombres personales) : They usually refer to 
people without naming them by name. They are the following:
Person Personal Pronoun
1st person singular Yo (I)
2nd person singular Tu, usted, ti (You)
3rd person singular Él (he), Ella (she), Ello/eso (it)
1st person plural Nosotros (we - masculine), nosotras
(we - feminine)
2nd person plural Vosotros (plural ‘you’ - masculine),
Vosotras (plural ‘you’ - feminine)
3rd person plural Ellos (they - masculine), Ellas (they -
feminine)
Yo no tengo hambre pero ellos sí (I’m not hungry, but they are)
María te llamó a ti por teléfono (Maria called you)
Dijeron que los tendríamos que recoger hoy a vosotros (they said we must
pick you up today)
Él dijo que va a ir a Francia (He said he was going to France)
b.  Possessive Pronouns (Pronombres posesivos):  Possessive pronouns
are used to express possession. They are placed after the noun, and 
they agree in gender and number with the possessed object.
Person Possessive Pronoun
1st person singular Mío (mine - masculine), Mía (mine -
feminine)
2nd person singular Tuyo (yours - masculine), Tuya (yours -
feminine)
3rd person singular Suyo (his - masculine), Suya (hers -
femenine)
1st person plural Nuestro/s (Ours - plural masculine),
Nuestra/s (ours - plural feminine)
2nd person plural Vuestro/s (yours - plural masculine),
Vuestra/s (yours - plural feminine)
3rd person plural Suyos (theirs - plural masculine), Suyas
(theirs - plural femenine)
Ese no es mi coche. El mío es negro. (That’s not my car. Mine is black)
Llegaron todas las maletas menos las nuestras. (All the bags arrived except
ours.)
Si esas son las vuestras, ¿de quién son las otras? (If those are yours, whose
are the others?)
c.  Demonstrative Pronouns (Pronombres demostrativos):  Demonstrative 
pronouns indicate where something or someone is in relation to the speaker.
Person Pronoun
Singular masculine (masculino singular) Éste (this), ése (that)
Singular feminine (femenino singular) Ésta (this), ésa (that)
Singular neuter (neutro singular) Ésto (this), eso (that)
Plural masculine Éstos (these), esos (those)
Plural feminine Éstas (these), esas (those)
Ése de allí es mi hermano. (That one is my brother)
Ésa no es buena, toma mejor la otra. (That is not good, take the other one)
Éstos no me gustan, prefiero los libros de aventuras. (I don’t like these, I
prefer adventure books)
d.  Reflexive Pronouns (Pronombres reflexivos):  They indicate that we do 
something to ourselves. They can go at the end of the verb or independently.
Person Pronoun
1st person singular Me (to myself)
2nd person singular Te (to you)
3rd person singular Se (to him/her/it)
1sr person plural Nos (to us)
2nd person plural Os (to you - plural)
3rd person plural Se (to them)
Me visto rápido y voy. (I get dressed quickly and go.)
Se sentó en el sofá a descansar. (He/she/it sat down on the sofa to rest.)
Vamos a maquillarnos al baño. (Let's do our makeup in the bathroom.)

3. Nouns (Sustantivos)
What is a noun?
Nouns are words used to designate people, animals, places, things, ideas or 
feelings. Nouns usually appear together with an article or a determiner and 
they can be replaced by a pronoun. In Spanish, nouns are variable and admit 
gender and number changes:
Gender: male (masculino)/ female (feminine). For example: boy-girl (hombre-mujer)
Number: singular (singular) (1) / plural (plural) (2). For example: table-
tables (mesa-mesas)
What types of nouns are there?
a.  Common nouns (Sustantivos comunes):  Common nouns refer to 
people (hermano, abogado - brother, lawyer), animals (gato, tiburón - 
cat, shark) and things (cuaderno, felicidad - notebook, happiness). 
These nouns are written with a lower case letter.
computer (computadora)
mask (máscara)
Common nouns can be countable or uncountable as well as individual or collective.
A common noun can also be combined with another to make a compound noun.
b.  Proper nouns (Sustantivos propios):  Proper nouns refer to specific items and 
entities. They can be names of people (John), places (Ecuador), holidays 
(Navidad - Christmas), institutions (las Naciones Unidas - The United Nations) 
etc. Like in English, these nouns are written with a capital letter.
Maria tiene un perro (María has a dog) Londres es una de
las ciudades más visitadas del mundo (London is one of
the most visited cities in the world)
c.  Concrete nouns (Sustantivos concretos):  they designate elements that 
we can perceive by the senses. Unlike abstract nouns, their referent is 
a material entity, not an ideal one. For example: dog (perro), car (auto), 
spoon (cuchara) or window (ventana)
La puerta debe permanecer cerrada (The door must remain closed)
La plaza tiene muchos árboles (The square has many trees)
d.  Abstract nouns (Sustantivos abstractos) : Abstract nouns are those 
that do not refer to a material reality, since they name things that 
cannot be perceived with the senses. For example: justice (justicia), 
honesty (honestidad), health (salud) and truth (verdad).
Abstract nouns are a type of common nouns, that is, those that name 
the things we know in a generic way, without referring to a particular 
member within a class.
La tensión se sintió todo el tiempo. (The tension was
felt all the time.) Harán un festival por la paz mundial.
(They will make a festival for world peace.)
El niño siente vergüenza porque no conoce a nadie. (The
boy feels ashamed because he doesn't know anyone.)
e.  Countable nouns (Sustantivos contables):  they are those that 
designate beings or things that can be counted, so they can be used
in the singular or plural.
¿Podrías darme una manzana? (Could you give me an apple?)
En la caja hay dos peines. (In the box there are two combs.)
Este mes vendimos doscientos kilos de harina. (This month we sold two
hundred kilos of flour.)
f.  Uncountable nouns (Sustantivos no contables):  they designate 
things that cannot be counted, that is, they have no unit. 
Uncountable nouns are used only in the singular or plural, although 
the most common is the use of the singular form.
Él utiliza demasiado aceite en sus preparaciones. (He uses too much oil in his
preparations.)
El agua está fresca. (The water is cool.)
El aire permanecía calmo. (The air remained calm.)
Es necesario desinfectar las heridas con alcohol. (It is necessary to disinfect
wounds with alcohol.)
g.  Individual nouns (Sustantivos individuales):  They designate a 
single being, object, element or individual.
La abeja me picó en el brazo (The bee stung me on the arm.)
El álamo de enfrente se cayó sobre la casa (The poplar tree across the street fell on
the house.)
El alumno reprobó el examen (The student failed the exam.)
h.  Collective nouns (Sustantivos colectivos):  designate a set of beings, 
objects, elements or individuals
Las abejas forman un enjambre (Bees form a swarm.)
Aquel era un excelente reparto de actores (That was an excellent cast of actors)
En la alameda descansó Julio (Julio rested in the alameda)
Not every group of elements is a collective noun. For example, when we say
trees (árboles), we are talking about more than one element, but the word is in
the plural form. On the other hand, collective nouns designate a set of objects or
individuals even when in the singular, as in the case of grove (arboleda).

5. Adjectives (Adjetivos)
Adjectives are words that accompany a noun, giving us information about it 
and completing its meaning. That is, adjectives are used to describe the 
characteristics of things. Ex.: The big house; the black cat; Ana is thinner 
than me. In Spanish, adjectives are located after the noun they accompany 
and only in very special cases precede it. Adjectives always agree in gender 
and number with the noun they accompany.
Types of adjectives (Tipos de adjetivos)
a.  Qualifying adjectives (Adjetivos calificativos):  Qualifying adjectives 
designate qualities of nouns that can be both physical properties (color, 
size, etc.) and abstract or mental states (mood, character features, etc.).
Ojos verdes y grandes (gree and big eyes)
Persona feliz (Happy person)
b.  Relational adjectives (Adjetivos relacionales):  They express a feature of the 
noun they accompany, which allows to classify them in a certain category.
Una cuchara sopera (A soup spoon) → relational adjective
Tipo de cuchara (type of spoon): para comer sopa (To eat soup)
Una cuchara brillante (A bright spoon) → qualifying adjectives
Rasgo de la cuchara (Spoon feature): brilla (shines)
c.  Possessive adjectives (Adjetivos posesivos):  They indicate to whom 
something belongs. These adjectives, which can go before or after 
the noun, agree in number with the noun they define and in gender in 
the forms nuestro/a (our) y vuestro/a (your).
Esa es mi chaqueta (That is my jacket)
Me presentó a sus amigos (He introduced me to his friends)
Esos son nuestros zapatos (Those are our shoes)
6. Adverbs (Adverbios)
Adverbs are invariable words that complement the meaning of a verb, an 
adjective, or even another adverb.
El gato duerme (verb) plácidamente (adverb) en el sillón - (verb
+ adverb) || the cat sleeps peacefully on the couch
El gato está (verb) muy tranquilo (adverb) - (adverb + adjetive)
|| The cat is very calm
Adverbs give information about the place, the time, the intensity or the 
way in which the action takes place
The position of Adverbs (La posición del adverbio)
Adverbs usually go after the verb or before the adjective or adverb 
they modify, but they can also go at the beginning of the sentence.
After the verb: El gato de Lucía duerme plácidamente en el
sillón. (Lucía’s cat sleeps peacefully on the couch)
At the beginning of the sentence: Normalmente, el gato duerme
en el sofá junto a la ventana (Usually, the cat sleeps on the sofa
by the window)
Types of Adverbs in Spanish (Tipos de adverbios en Español)
Adverbs have traditionally been divided into the following categories:
a.  Adverbs of place (Adverbios de lugar) : aquí, allí, arriba, abajo, 
cerca, lejos, adelante, delante, detrás, encima, debajo, enfrente, 
atrás, alrededor. (here, there, up, down, near, far, forward, in front,
behind, above, below, in front, behind, around.)
b.  Adverbs of time (Adverbios de tiempo  ): antes, después, luego, 
pronto, tarde, temprano, todavía/ aún, ya, ayer, hoy, mañana, 
anteayer, siempre, nunca, jamás. (before, after, then, soon, late, 
early, yet, already, yesterday, today, tomorrow, the day before 
yesterday, always, never, ever.)
c.  Adverbs of mode (Adverbios de modo):  bien, mal, peor, mejor, 
fielmente, estupendamente, fácilmente, negativamente, 
responsablemente, rápidamente —todas las que se formen 
con las terminaciones «mente»— (good, bad, worse, better, 
faithfully, splendidly, easily, negatively, responsibly, quickly - 
all that are formed with the endings "mente".)
Suffix “-mente” is equivalent to English suffix “-ly”
d.  Adverbs of quantity or degree (Adverbios de cantidad o grado) :
muy, poco, mucho, bastante, más, menos, algo, demasiado, 
casi, solo, solamente, tan, tanto, todo, nada, aproximadamente 
(very, little, a lot, quite a bit, more, less, somewhat, too much, 
almost, just, only, so, so much, all, nothing, approximately,)
e.  Adverbs of order (Adverbios de orden):  primeramente, 
últimamente (first, last.)
f.  Adverbs of doubt or hesitation (Adverbios de duda o 
dubitativos): quizá(s), probablemente, posiblemente, 
seguramente, puede, puede ser, a lo mejor. (perhaps, 
probably, possibly, surely, may, may be, maybe.)

7. Accent marks in Spanish (Tildes en Español)
In Spanish, there are rules of accentuation or stress, that is, where 
accent marks are placed. Accentuation rules are basic conventions that 
must always be used. In Spanish, accent is very important, since it will 
indicate the pronunciation of the words. To understand the main rule of 
stress in Spanish, we must know what syllables are.
Words can be made up of one or more syllables, which is the group of 
letters that are pronounced together, for example:
●  Monosyllables, words of one syllable (Monosílabos, palabras de una sílaba) :
Pan,  hoy, ir,  ya… (bread, today, go, now)
● Words of two syllables (Palabras de dos sílabas): ca-sa,  bo-ca (house,
mouth - In English, these words cannot be separated)
● Words of three syllables (Palabras de tres sílabas): ca-mi-no,  es-cue-la,
co-mi-da, ca-ra-col (road, school, food, snail - In English, these words
cannot be separated)
●  Words of more than three syllables (Palabras de más de tres sílabas) :
re-co-ge-dor, he-li-cop-te-ro…(picker, helicopter)
According to the syllable that is pronounced the strongest, the words are 
divided into agudas, graves, and esdrújulas (there is no English equivalent 
to these classification). Each of these types of words follow some rules to 
know if the word has an accent or not.
1.  Palabras (words) agudas:  they are the ones where the last syllable is
pronounced stronger: café (coffee), león (lion), quizás (perhaps), calor (heat).
These type of words take accent when they finish in a vowel: (a, e, 
i o, u) or – N – S
● With accent: camión (truck), París (Paris), habló (spoke), comí (I ate)
● Withour accent: caracol (snail), ayer (yesterday), hablar (speak), 
Madrid (Madrid)
2.  Palabras (words) graves:  they are the ones where the penultimate syllable is
pronounced stronger: árbol (tree), fácil (easy), camisa (t-shirt), silla (chair)
These worsd take accent when they DO NOT end in: – Vowel (a, 
e, i o, u), – N, – S
● Words with accent: lápiz (pencil), árbol (tree), móvil (mobile)
● Words without accent: joven (young), examen (exam), crisis (crisis),
amigo (friend), siesta (nap)
3.  Palabras esdrújulas : these may be the easies to identify as they take accent
on the antepenultimate syllable: pájaro (bird), América (America)
Esdrújulas are always accentuated
Other basic Spanish accent rules
● Y is not considered a vowel, so diphthongs ending in Y 
are not accented: Vi-rrey (viceroy)
● Adverbs ending in -mente are only accentuated when the 
adjective they come from has an accent, even if they are 
esdrujula words, it is an exception: co-mún-men-te (commonly), 
fiel -men-te (faithfully), úl-ti-ma-men-te (lately)
● Compound words are the result of the combination of two words 
that are written together. The accent is only placed on the second 
word if it is present. For example, vídeo (video) has accent, but 
juego (game) doesn’t.
8. Conjunctions (Conjunciones)
Conjunctions are words that establish relationships between words or sentences.
They can be coordinating, if they join two elements of equal value, or subordinate, if
they establish a relationship of dependency or hierarchy between them.
Coordinating conjunctions (Conjunciones coordinantes): Coordinating 
conjunctions link elements of equal value that can be words or complete 
sentences. Depending on the interpretation made of the coordinate elements, 
the coordinating conjunctions are further subdivided into different groups:
●  Copulative conjunctions (Conjunciones copulativas) : indicate 
addition or aggregation. Copulative conjunctions in Spanish are; y 
(and), asi como (as well as); igual que (like); lo mismo que (the same 
as); no solo (not only), sino también (but also)
Cristina es de Valencia y su marido de Murcia. (Cristina
is from Valencia and her husband is from Murcia)
●  Adversative conjunctions (Conjunciones adversativas) : they oppose ideas or
make a correction. Adversative conjunctions in Spanish are: pero 
(but), mas (more), sino que (but that).
Cristina está de vacaciones, pero/mas su marido se ha
quedado en casa. (Cristina is on vacation, but her
husband has stayed home.)
El marido de Cristina no está de vacaciones sino que se ha quedado en
casa. (Cristina's husband is not on vacation but has stayed at home.)
●  Disjunctive Conjunctions(Conjunciones disyuntivas) : these indicate alternation
or choice. The mostly used disjunctive conjunction in Spanish is: o (or).
Cristina pasea por la playa por las mañanas o por las noches.
(Cristina walks along the beach in the mornings or at night.)
Subordinating Conjunctions (Conjunciones subordinantes)
Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses that depend on
a main clause. Depending on the conjunction, the subordinate clause may 
or must precede the main clause or appear after it.
Como le encanta el mar, ha pasado las vacaciones en el Mar Mediterráneo. (As
he loves the sea, he has spent his holidays in the Mediterranean Sea.)
Depending on their meaning or the type of subordinate clause they 
introduce, the subordinating conjunctions are classified into:
●  Causal  conjunctions  (Conjunciones  causales) :  they  introduce  a
subordinate clause that expresses the cause or reason for the main
clause. In Spanish, they are porque (because), como (As)
Como el marido de Cristina tiene que trabajar, se ha quedado en casa.
(Since Cristina's husband has to work, he has stayed at home.)
 “Como”  must always precede the main sentence and be separated by a comma. 
El marido de Cristina se ha quedado en casa porque tiene que trabajar.
(Cristina's husband has stayed at home because he has to work)
porque can never go at the beginning of the sentence.
●  Comparative conjunctions (Conjunciones comparativas) : they introduce a
subordinate that is compared to the main clause. They are: que 
(that), como si (as if).
Cristina viaja más a la costa que cuando era pequeña.
(Cristina travels to the coast more than when she was
little.)
●  Concessive conjunctions (Conjunciones concesivas):  introduce a 
subordinate clause that expresses an objection to what the main 
clause states. They are: aunque (although), si bien (even though).
Aunque el marido de Cristina tiene que trabajar, ella está de vacaciones. (Although
Cristina's husband has to work, she is on vacation.)

9.  A rmation and Negation in Spanish (Afirmación y 
Negación en Español)
Affirmative sentences in Spanish (Oraciones afirmativas en Español)
When we communicate with others, we can do so with different goals. This 
makes us materialize the communication in different ways: sometimes we ask, 
other times we externalize a momentary feeling (of astonishment, surprise, anger,
joy), and most of the time we just have something to say or assert.
Sentences are those groups of concepts (or even isolated words in some 
cases) that make up a unit of meaning and that have autonomy from the 
syntactic point of view. Affirmative sentences are those that declare or 
enunciate something with a true nature.
“Mi pantalón es azul”, “El perro de Luciana es muy grande”.
(“My pants are blue”, “Luciana's dog is very big”)
If the speaker is not in a position to specify the affirmation and, therefore, 
doubts, he will pronounce himself through doubtful sentences: “
“El partido comenzaría a las 21:00 horas” (The match would start at 9:00 p.m)
The verb appears in potential, which leaves open the chance of that is not specified
In addition to all of the above, we could say that, on many occasions, affirmative 
sentences are known as declarative sentences. And it is that, fundamentally, what 
they do is state something. That is, they provide truthful and clear information about
a specific fact. It is interesting to underline that, in any language, these sentences 
are used on a daily basis to communicate, either writing or speaking.
En el año 2050 la demanda de agua se habrá triplicado. (In the year 2050 the
demand for water will have tripled.)
La ciudad de Salta es la más linda que he visto. (The city of Salta is the most
beautiful I have seen.)
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Negative sentences in Spanish (Oraciones negativas en Español)
Negative sentences deny what the verb expresses. In Spanish, the negation 
particle used is the adverb ‘no’, which must precede the verb.
A Cristina le encanta pasear, pero no le gusta la lluvia. Cuando no hace sol, 
no desiste y sale de todos modos con su perro. 
Como no quiere mojarse, no olvida nunca coger 
un paraguas. A su perro tampoco le gusta el 
agua, por eso le pone un sombrero.
(Cristina loves to walk, but she doesn't like the rain. When it's not sunny,
she doesn't give up and she goes out with her dog anyway. Since she
doesn't want to get wet, she never forgets to take an umbrella. Her dog
doesn't like water either, so she puts a hat on it.)
Word order in negative sentences (Orden de las palabras 
en las oraciones negativas)
In negative sentences, the usual order of elements is subject + not + verb.
If the sentence includes a direct object and an indirect object, the direct 
object must come before the indirect object.
Sujeto Negación Verbo (Verb) Complemento Complemento
(Subject) (Negation) directo (Direct indirecto
complement) (Indirect
complement)
Cristina no pone un sombrero a su perro.
(Cristina does not put a hat on her dog)
Negative sentences with direct and/or indirect object pronouns (Oraciones
negativas con pronombres de Complemento Directo y/o Indirecto)
When the direct and indirect objects are replaced by the corresponding 
pronouns, these pronouns must be interposed between the adverb no and
the verb. The order of the elements of the sentence becomes:
sujeto + no + pronombre de complemento indirecto + pronombre de
complemento directo + verbo
(subject + no + indirect object pronoun + direct object pronoun + verb)
Sujeto Negación Pronombr Pronombr Verbo Complem Complem
(Subject) (Negation e de CI e de CD (Verb) ento ento
) (Indirect (Direct directo Indirecto
Object Object (Direct (Indirect
pronoun) pronoun) obj.) obj.)
Cristina no le pone un
sombrero
.
Cristina no lo pone a su
perro
1. Cristina does not put a hat on him
2. Cristina does not put it on her dog
The double negation (La doble negación)
In Spanish, there are other words besides the adverb ‘no’ that are used to negate 
elements of the sentence: nadie (nobody), nada (nothing), nunca (never), etc. 
When these words appear after the verb, it is still necessary to use the adverb 
‘no’. For this reason, it is considered that in Spanish the negation is double:
● no ... (a) nadie
Cristina no ve a nadie en la calle. (Cristina doesn’t see nobody 
on the street)
● no ... nada
No hay nada mejor que un paraguas. (There is nothing better 
than an umbrella.)
● no ... nunca/jamás
El perro de Cristina no lleva nunca un chubasquero. (Cristina's dog 
never wears a raincoat)
If any of these words precedes the verb, then the adverb ‘no’ is 
unnecessary, and the negation is simplified.
Example:
El perro de Cristina no lleva nunca un chubasquero.
→ El perro de Cristina nunca lleva un chubasquero. 
Cristina no lleva tampoco un chubasquero.
→ Cristina tampoco lleva un chubasquero.
Negative expressions (Expresiones negativas)
Some words have a negative equivalent. When an affirmative sentence containing 
any of these words becomes negative, its corresponding negative equivalent must 
be used. If these negatively charged words precede the verb, it is not necessary to 
use the particle ‘no’. The following table shows the relationship between these words and 
how they behave in affirmative and negative sentences.
Forma positiva (positive form)
Ejemplo (example)
→ Forma negativa (negative form)
alguien (somebody) Alguien podrá ayudarte con los
deberes.
→ nadie (nobody)
→ Nadie podrá ayudarte con los
deberes.
1. Someone will be able to help you with homework.
2. No one will be able to help you with homework.

10. Questions in Spanish (Preguntas en Español)
Being able to form basic questions in Spanish is very important to
maintain a fluid conversation, especially if you are a foreigner and
you are learning the language. The way we ask about something in
Spanish is quite similar to the way it is done in English, with slight
differences in the use of question marks.
Pregunta (Question): ¿Te gusta estudiar Español? (Do you like to 
study Spanish?)
Respuesta (Answer): Si/No (Yes/No) me gusta (I like it)
Inicio de la pregunta (Beginning of a question): ¿
Final de la pregunta (End of a question): ?
How to ask basic questions in Spanish and use question marks (Cómo 
hacer preguntas básicas en Español y usar signos de pregunta)
All questions in Spanish have Signos de Interrogación (question marks). As a
general rule, these punctuation marks are used at the beginning and end of all
questions in the language. The question mark used at the beginning is placed
backwards, just like the icon in the image above, while the other must be 
written just like in English and at the end of the question.
When writing questions in Spanish, it is wrong to omit either of the two 
question marks. The questions in Spanish are actually sentences that have 
these marks and that in real conversations could have a different intonation
depending on the meaning that we want to give them.
¿Estás estudiando español? - Correct 
Estás estudiando español? - Incorrect
The basic questions in Spanish, at least the simplest ones, are those whose 
answer is “Si” (Yes) or “No”. In English, we ask questions using auxiliaries 
like DO or DID, but in Spanish you just need to say the same sentence 
without using any auxiliaries or changing the basic structure of the 
sentence. When writing the question, we will add both question marks to it.
Oración (sentence): Tienes que hacer algo hoy (Do 
you have something to do today?
Pregunta (question): ¿Tienes algo que hacer algo hoy?
Examples (Ejemplos):
● ¿(Tú) eres casada o soltera? (Are you married or single?)
“Tú” is optional. “Eres” (are) is one of the conjugations of the verb Ser (to-be).
● ¿(Usted) está enojada conmigo? (Are you angry at 
me?) This is a formal question with the verb Estar (to-be)
● ¿Tu hermana está ocupada ahora? (Is your sister busy right 
now?) In this question we use the possessive adjective TÚ (your)
● ¿(Tú) tienes su nuevo album? (Do you have her new album?)
A very simple question using the irregular verb TENER (Have)
 11  . Verb To Be in Spanish (Verbos Ser y Estar en Español) 
Verbs Ser and Estar are very important in Spanish. Therefore, their correct use is 
essential to be able to communicate in this language. In English, we use the ver To - 
Be for this purpose. But in Spanish, they have different meanings and purposes:
● The verb SER is used to describe the Essential characteristics of a person or
thing. Essential characteristics are normally permanent.
● The verb ESTAR, on the contrary, does not speak of the characteristic,
but of the state of a person or a thing. We also use it to talk about 
localization in space.
Therefore, SER defines what something/somebody is like, and ESTAR 
speaks of the state or its location (How and/or where is it).
Verb Ser (Verbo Ser)
*Conjugation of the verb Ser (Conjugación del verbo Ser)
Presente (present), Imperfecto (imperfect), Indefinido (indefinite), Futuro (future)
To see how this verb is used and its meaning, let's see some examples. A 
person’s characteristics can be physical o referrential to the character. So, 
if we want to describe what José looks like, we will say:
● José es un chico alto, es delgado y es rubio. Es un chico muy guapo. 
Es muy simpático, es trabajador, es sincero y es muy romántico.
(José is a tall boy, he is thin and blond. He is a very handsome boy. He 
is very nice, he is hard-working, he is sincere and he is very romantic.)
Now, let’s describe Pepe:
● Pepe es un chico bajo, es gordo, es moreno, y es feo. Es un chico antipático, 
es un poco vago, y es bastante mentiroso. Además, es muy aburrido.
(Pepe is a short boy, he is fat, he is dark, and he is ugly. He is an unpleasant 
boy, he is a bit lazy, and he is quite a liar. Also, he is very boring.)
As you can see, I have described two people saying what their physical and
personal characteristics are. All these things define these people, that's why I
used the verb Ser.
Verb Estar (Verbo Estar)
*Conjugation of the verb Estar (Conjugación del verbo Estar)
Now, let’s talk about the verb Estar. Estar (to-be) talks about the state of the 
person, or thing, or its location in the place. For example:
● “Yo, antes, estaba en mi casa. Estaba aburrida, estaba triste, estaba 
preocupada, estaba cansada. Pero ahora estoy aquí, con ustedes, y 
estoy contenta, estoy tranquila.”
(“Before, I was at home. I was bored, I was sad, I was worried, I was 
tired. But now I am here, with you, and I am happy, I am calm.”)
The state changes because it’s not permanent. The location in the place 
can also change.
Examples:
● Student (Alumno): Si yo ahora soy rubia, y mañana voy a la peluquería y soy
morena, entonces, ¡no es permanente! (If I'm blonde now, and tomorrow I go
to the hairdresser's and I'm brunette, then it's not permanent!)
● Teacher (Profesor): Claro, es que la característica normalmente es algo 
permanente, pero no siempre. Lo importante es que es una característica 
que te define. (Sure, a feature is usually something permanent, but not 
always. The important thing is that it is a characteristic that defines you.)

12.  Regular and Irregular Verbs in Spanish (Verbos 
regulares e irregulares en Español)
Verbs are the most important part of a sentence. Its function is to describe 
the actions carried out by the subject, whether they are movement or 
thought. Verbs are further classified in two categories: Regular and irregular 
verbs. Regular verbs are those that can be conjugated without modifying the
root; when conjugating them in present or future, they do not suffer 
alterations. On the other hand, irregular verbs have particular conjugations 
depending on the time or mode in which they are conjugated.
The Spanish conjugation model is established by the ending of the infinitive.
According to this, verbs belong to one of these three conjugations:
● First conjugation: verbs ending in -ar.
● Second conjugation: verbs ending in -er.
● Third conjugation: verbs ending in -ir.
Regular verbs of the first conjugation (Verbos regulares
de la primera conjugación)
For example, the verb cantar (to sing), which root is cant-, is added to the 
respective endings:
1ra persona singular (first Yo canto I sing
person singular)
2da persona singular Tú cantas o cantás You sing
(second person singular)
3ra persona singular Él / ella canta He/she sings
(third person singular)
1ra persona plural (first Nosotros cantamos We sing
person plural)
2da persona plural Vosotros / Vosotras You sing
(second person plural) cantáis
3ra persona plural (third Ellos / ellas cantan They sing
person plural)
*The participle of cantar is cantado.
Regular verbs of the second conjugation (Verbos regulares
de la segunda conjugación)
These verbs, ending in -er, follow the model of beber (to drink) and form the 
participle by adding the root to the ending -ido. *Its respective endings are 
added to the root beb-
1ra persona singular (first Yo bebo I drink
person singular)
2da persona singular Tú bebes o bebés You drink
(second person singular)
3ra persona singular Él / ella bebe He/she drinks
(third person singular)
1ra persona plural (first Nosotros / Nosotros We drink
person plural) bebemos
2da persona plural Vosotros / Vosotras You drink
(second person plural) bebéis
3ra persona plural Ellos / ellas beben They drink
(third person plural)
*The participle of beber is bebido.
Regular verbs of the third conjugation (Verbos regulares
de la tercera conjugación)
Ending in -ir, verbs of the third conjugation follow the model of the verb 
vivir (to live) and form the participle adding the ending -ido to the root.
1ra persona singular (first Yo vivo I live
person singular)
2da persona singular Tú vives o vivís You live
(second person singular)
3ra persona singular Él / ella vive He/she lives
(third person singular)
1ra persona plural (first Nosotros / Nosotros We live
person plural) vivimos
2da persona plural Vosotros / Vosotras vivís You live
(second person plural)
3ra persona plural (third Ellos / ellas viven They live
person plural)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Irregular Verbs (Verbos irregulares)
There are different types of verbs according to the irregularity or 
change they present. They are the following:
a.  Vowel irregularity verbs (Verbos de irregularidad vocálica) 
Vowel irregular verbs change vowels in the root in some of the conjugations. 
Vowel irregularities are the substitution of one vowel for another and the 
formation of a diphthong (ie, ue) in verbs whose root had a single vowel.
For example:
● Servir (to serve): sirv-o, serv-imos, serv-ía, sirv-iera.
● Dormir (to sleep): duerm-o, dorm-imos, dorm-ía,durm-iera.
● Cerrar (to close): cierr-o, cerr-amos, cerr-aba,cierr-en.
b. Consonant irregular verbs (Verbos de irregularidad consonántica)
Consonant irregular verbs alternate certain consonants in one of the conjugations.
For example:
● Conocer (to know): conozco, conocemos, conozca.
● Salir (to get out): Salgo, salimos, salgamos.
● Caer (to fall): Caigo, caemos, caigamos.
c.  Impersonal verb “haber” (Verbo impersonal “haber”)
When it expresses the existence of something or someone, the verb haber 
(to have) does not agree with any subject. For this reason, it is impersonal 
and only admits the conjugation in the third person of the singular. Used as 
impersonal, the verb to have maintains its singular form regardless of 
whether what has been is singular or plural.
For example:
● Había una casa (there was a house), había varias casas (there 
were many houses)
● Hubo un accidente (there was an accident), hubo varios 
accidentes (there were many accidents)
d.  Impersonal verb “Hacer” (Verbo impersonal “Hacer”) 
The verb hacer works as an impersonal verb and it’s only conjugated in the 3rd 
person singular when referring to a moment in the past, or to climate phenomena.
For example:
● Hace muchos años (Many years ago)
● Hace frío (It’s cold)
● Hace 22 grados. (It’s 22 degrees)
e. Verbs with irregular participles (Verbos con participios irregulares)
Irregular participles do not follow the -ado/-ada ending pattern, but end in 
-to, -so and -cho.
For example:
● Escribir (to write): escrito (written)
● Decir (to say): dicho (said)
● Confundir (to confuse): confuso (confused)

13. Past Tense in Spanish (Tiempo pasado en Español)
The verbal conjugation model in Spanish is established by the
ending of the infinitive. According to this, verbs belong to one
of these three conjugations:
First conjugation: verbs ending in -ar.
Second conjugation: verbs ending in -er.
Third conjugation: verbs ending in -ir.
Some of the most common regular verbs in Spanish are:
First Conjugation Second Conjugation Third Conjugation
(Primera conjugación) (Segunda conjugación) (Tercera conjugación)
Amar (To love) Temer (To fear) Partir (To split
something)
Anunciar (To announce) Absorber (To absorb) Abatir (To bring down)
Atacar (To attack) Acceder (To access) Aburrir (To bore)
Bailar (To dance) Aparecer (To appear) Añadir (To add)
Past tense in Spanish (Tiempo pasado en Español)
In English, we can choose between the Past Simple or the Past Perfect to express an
action is taking place in the past. In Spanish, there are 4 different types of past tense
that we can combine to talk about actions that occurred in the past, so deciding when
to use each one is not an easy task! In this case, we will learn how to use the Spanish
equivalent to the Past Simple, which is called Pretérito Indefinido.
When is it used?
The past tense in Spanish is used to talk about completed actions in the past.
It is used with time expressions such as: ayer (yesterday), la semana pasada
(last week), el mes pasado (last month), hace un tiempo (long ago),años atrás
(years ago), anoche (last night). Example:
Me levanté a las once de la mañana ayer. (I woke up at eleven a.m. yesterday)
Tuve poco trabajo la semana pasada. (I had little work last week)
Formation of the simple past in Spanish (Formación del 
pasado simple en Español)
For regular verbs of the 1st conjugaction (-ar):
Pronoun Verb Ending
Yo (I) Yo caminé (I walked)
Tú/Vos (You - singular) Tú/Vos caminaste (You
walked)
El/Ella (He/She) Caminar (to walk) El/Ella caminó (He/She
Root: -camin walked)
Nosotros (We) Nosotros caminamos
(We walked)
Ustedes (You - plural) Ustedes caminaron (You
walked)
For regular verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugaction (-er, -ir):
Pronoun Verb Ending
Yo (I) Yo corrí (I ran)
Tú/Vos (You - singular) Vos corriste (You ran)
El/Ella (He/She) Correr (To run) El/Ella corrió (He/She ran)
Root: Corr-
Nosotros (We) Nosotros corrimos (We
ran)
Ustedes (You - plural) Ustedes corrieron (You
ran)

14. Present Tense in Spanish (Tiempo presente en Español)
When is present tense used? (¿Cuándo usamos el 
tiempo presente?
In Spanish, present tense is used to:
1.  Describe something/someone: 
Micaela es alta (Micaela is tall)
Juan es muy inteligente (Juan is very intelligent)
Yo soy joven (I’m young)
2.  To describe routines: 
Me levanto a las 8 de la mañana (I wake up at 8 in the morning)
Tomo el desayuno a las 8:30 (I have breakfast at 8:30)
Ella trabaja de lunes a viernes (She works from Monday to Friday)
3.  Habits :
Mi esposa hace ejercicio los lunes (My wife exercises on Mondays)
Mis hijos juegan al fútbol (My children play football)
En mi tiempo libre leo el periódico (On my free time I read the newspaper)
Conjugation of the verb Ser (Conjugación del verbo Ser)
The Spanish equivalent to the English’ to-be verb is the verb Ser. The 
declarative form is very simple:
Yo soy maquilladora (I’m a makeup artist)
Él es mi esposo (He is my husband)
Nosotros somos estudiantes (We are students)
If we want to use the negative form of the verb Ser, we just have to add the 
word ‘No’ (Not) before the verb:
Yo no soy maquilladora (I’m not a makeup artist)
Él no es mi esposo (He is not my husband)
Nosotros no somos estudiantes (We are not students)
Other examples of present tense:
1. Yo puedo hablar 3 idiomas. (I can speak 3 languages)
2. ¿Quieres una taza de té? (Would you like a cup of tea?)
3. Nosotras somos griegas. (We are greek)
4. Ellos no entienden francés. (They don’t understand French)
5. Mi madre trabaja en el banco. (My mother works in the bank)
6. ¿Eres secretaria? (Are you a secretary?)
7. Ella vive con su esposo y sus hijos. (She lives with her husband 
and children)
8. Los viernes como con mis padres en un restaurante. (On Fridays I 
have dinner with my parens at a restaurant)
15. Future Tense in Spanish (Verbos en Futuro)
The future tense is used to:
●  Talk about future actions: 
Mañana iré a dar un paseo por la plaza (Tomorrow I will go for a walk 
in the square).
●  Make predictions: 
Dentro  de  50  años,  tú  vivirás en  medio  de  las  montañas,  rodeado  de
animales  salvajes  (In  50  years,  you  will  be  living  in  the  middle  of  the
mountains, surrounded by wild animals.)
●  Make weather predictions: 
Mañana lloverá (It will rain tomorrow)
In Spanish, the future tense can be formed by taking an infinitive verb and 
adding an ending to each root of the future. This process applies for the 
three conjugations: -AR, -ER, -IR. For example:
CANTAR (to sing)
Yo CANTAR-É (I will sing)
Tú CANTAR-ÁS (You will sing)
Él/Ella CANTAR-Á (He/She will sing)
Nosotros/as CANTAR-EMOS (We will sing)
Vosotros/as CANTAR-ÉIS (You will sing - plural)
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes CANTAR-ÁN (They will sing)
COMER (to eat)
Yo COMER-É
Tú COMER-ÁS
Él/Ella/Usted COMER-Á
Nosotros/as COMER-EMOS
Vosotros/as COMER-ÉIS
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes COMER-ÁN
VIVIR (To live)
Yo VIVIR-É
Tú VIVIR-ÁS
Él/Ella/Usted VIVIR-Á
Nosotros/as VIVIR-EMOS
Vosotros/as VIVIR-ÉIS
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes VIVIR-ÁN
The future tense on Irregular Verbs
● With the verbs PONER (to put), SALIR (to go out), VENIR (to come), 
and TENER (to have) the vowel of the ending of the verb in the 
infinitive becomes a D:
PONER PONERÉ PONDRÉ
SALIR SALIRÉ SALDRÉ
TENER TENERÉ TENDRÉ
VENIR VENIRÉ VENDRÉ
● And finally, there are the verbs SAY and DO DECIR (To say) and 
HACER (To do), which are totally irregular:
DECIR DECIRÉ DIRÉ
HACER HACER HARÉ
É

16. Modal Verbs (Verbos modales en Español)
What are modal verbs?
Unlike auxiliary verbs, modal verbs add meaning. Modal verbs express the 
attitude that the speaker has before an action. They express obligation, will, 
knowledge, permission, and possibility of the action expressed by the main 
verb. In Spanish, there are five essential modal verbs: deber (must), querer 
(want), saber (know), poder (can) and soler (to usually do). These modal 
verbs are usually followed by an infinitive verb:
● Un ciclista ha tenido un accidente en el centro de la ciudad. La 
ambulancia quiere llegar al lugar del accidente lo antes posible. (A 
cyclist has had an accident in the city center. The ambulance wants to 
reach the accident site as soon as possible)
●  Deben  examinarlo y llevarlo al hospital. Allí, los médicos podrán 
hacer pruebas para comprobar si está en buen estado.. (They must 
examine him and take him to the hospital. There, the doctors will be 
able to do tests to check if you are in good condition.)
The meaning of modal verbs can acquire a different meaning
depending on whether they are used in the affirmative or
negative way:
Negative
Positive
Meaning Example form Meaning
form (forma Example (Ejemplo)
(Significado) (Ejemplo) (Forma (Significado)
positiva)
negativa)
Deber Moral or legal Debes should/ conveniencia o No debo tomar
(must) obligation tomar el must not recomendación más de dos cafés
antibiótico (convenience al día. (I should not
cada ocho or drink more than
horas. (You recommendatio two coffees a day.)
should take n)
the
antibiotic
every eight
hours.)
Poder (can) Ability, ¿Puedo Cannot Prohibition, No puedo aguantar
possibility, entrar? lack of ability un minuto sin
permissibility (Can I come or permission respirar bajo el
in?) agua. (I can't last a
minute without
breathing
underwater.)
Querer Will Quiero dar To not falta de No quiero llegar
(want) la vuelta al want voluntad tarde.
mundo. (I
want to go
around the
world.)
Saber Knowledge or Sé hablar To not Lack of skill or No sé montar en
(know) skill japonés. (I know knowledge bici. (I don’t know
know how how to ride a bike)
to speak
Japanese.)
Soler Reiteration, Suelo Not Lack of habit No suelo
(usually do) habit despertarm usually do desayunar. (I don’t
e a las 7. (I usually have
usually breakfast)
wake up at
7.)
17. Reflexive Verbs in Spanish (Verbos Reflexivos en Español)
What is a reflexive verb? (¿Qué es un verbo reflexivo?)
A reflexive verb indicates that the result of the action carried out by the 
subject of the sentence falls on the subject itself; In other words, a reflexive 
verb is a verb whose action is performed and received by the subject.
Example:
La abuela de Lucía se tiñe el pelo en casa una vez al mes. Cada semana se 
corta las puntas y a diario se peina como una verdadera profesional. (Lucía's
grandmother dyes her hair at home once a month. She cuts her ends every 
week and every day she does her hair like a true professional.)
Form (Forma)
Reflexive verbs are conjugated with a reflexive pronoun that always agrees with the
subject. It is the one that indicates that the subject performs and receives the action.
Verb “peinarse”
Pronouns Examples
(to comb oneself)
yo (I) me peino (I comb myself) Yo me peino el pelo. (I comb
my hair)
tú (you) te peinas (you comb Tú te peinas el pelo. (You
yourself) comb your hair)
él/ella (he/she) se peina (she/he combs Antonio se peina el pelo.
herself/himself) (Antonio combs his hair)
nosotros/-as nos peinamos (we comb Maribel y yo nos peinamos el
ourselves) pelo. (Maribel and I comb our
hair)
ellos/-as, se peinan (they comb Marta y Juán se peinan el
ustedes themselves) pelo. (Marta and Juán comb
their hair)
Use (Uso)
Reflexive verbs indicate that the subject carries out an action that falls on
itself.  For this reason,  the reflexive  pronoun must  always agree with the
subject in person and number. Example:
● La abuela de Lucía se tiñe el pelo en casa una vez al mes. 
(Lucia’s grandmother dyes her hair at home once a month)
● Cada semana se corta las puntas del pelo. (Every week she cuts the 
ends of her hair)
● A diario se peina como una verdadera profesional. (Every day she 
does her hair like a true professional.)

18. Word Order (Orden de palabras)
Word order is one of the most debated topics in linguistic studies. 
Traditionally it has been accepted that the placement of the elements in 
Spanish responds to the sequence subject + verb + object + complements, 
an order that differs from classical Latin.
This combination is accompanied by adverbial phrases in the final position, that is, they 
appear after the object. However, for focus reasons, that is, because certain information 
is to be focused discursively, the natural order of Spanish is altered, since in Spanish, 
the relevant information is presented at the beginning of the discourse. Then, it is 
possible to move groups of words that, as a whole, form adverbial constructions, and 
present them, instead of in final position, in initial position. In this way, one type of 
natural order is distinguished from an inverted one.
Natural order (Orden natural):
Subject - Verb - Object - Adverbial Complements
Example:
Los poetas buscan a las musas en el cielo. (The poets look
for the muses in the sky.)
Inverted order (Orden invertido):
Adverbial complements - Subject - Verb - Object
Example:
En el cielo, los poetas buscan a las musas. (In the sky, the
poets look for the muses.)
19.  Direct and Indirect Style (Estilo directo e indirecto 
en Español)
The direct and indirect style are two forms of communication that serve to 
reproduce a message. In indirect speech, the narrator uses his own voice, 
while in indirect speech, the message is quoted literally.
Use of Direct Style (Uso del estilo directo)
The direct style is a repetition made by a narrator of a message with the 
exact words of the sender. For example:
● “Me voy a mi casa.” - Lucas. (“I’m going home” - Lucas)
To use direct styling with this message, we must render the message literally:
● Lucas dice: “Me voy a mi casa”. (Lucas says “I’m going home”)
To put a sentence in direct speech correctly, the sentence must 
remain the same regardless of the time and space in which the 
initial message was produced. For example:
● “Estamos en medio de un período difícil ahora mismo”. - El presidente
(“We are in the middle of a difficult period right now” - The President)
Although the war has already ended, the sentence must be kept in the present:
● El presidente dijo: “Estamos en medio de un período difícil ahora
mismo.” (The president said: “We are in the middle of a difficult
period right now.”)
Use of Indirect Style (Uso del estilo indirecto)
By using the indirect style, there are a number of elements of the 
sentence that change automatically. These are all the grammatical 
changes necessary to move from direct to indirect style:
-  Grammatical person:  By issuing or reproducing a message on 
behalf of another person, the 1st person disappears completely.
Example: “Ahora (yo) tengo muchas cosas que hacer en mi 
trabajo.” Luis ("Now (I) I have many things to do in my work." Luis)
-  Adapt temporal and spatial units:  These are some of the most 
common temporal and spatial units in direct style and their 
adaptation to the indirect:
Estilo directo (Direct Estilo indirecto
Ejemplos (Examples)
style) (Indirect Style)
“Hoy no tengo ganas de jugar.” -
Pepe (“I don’t feel like playing
today” - Pepe)
Aquel / ese día
Hoy (Today)
(that day)
Pepe dijo que ese día no tenía
ganas de jugar (Pepe said he didn’t
feel like playing that day)
“Ayer empezó la liga.” - Yo (“The
league began yesterday” - me)
Ayer, la semana pasada, El día, semana
etc. (Yesterday, last (The day, the
Yo dije que el día anterior había
week, etc.) week)
empezado la liga. (I said the
league began yesterday)
“Ahora no estoy en casa.” - 
Dolores (“I’m not at home 
now” - Dolores)
En ese momento
Ahora (Now)
(At that moment) Dolores dijo que en ese 
momento no estaba en casa 
(Dolores said she wasn’t at 
home at that moment)
When is the Direct and Indirect Style used? (¿Cuándo se 
usan los estilos directo e indirecto?)
The direct style is especially useful to verify exactly a person's words 
and avoid confusion. When a narrator uses the indirect style, he can 
include his own interpretation of the message. For example:
● “Vamos a construir una piscina municipal y a poner un 
monumento.” - Teodoro ("We are going to build a municipal 
pool and put up a monument." - Teodoro)
In indirect style, the essence of the message could be transmitted, 
but it can also lead to confusion:
● Teodoro dijo que iban a construir una piscina municipal y a
poner un monumento. (Teodoro said they were going to build
a municipal pool and put up a monument).
In  this  case,  we have  the  verb  "Iban”  /they  were)  that  can  refer  to
Teodoro and others or a group of people outside Teodoro. This leaves
interpretation for the question: who is going to build a pool?
Upon receiving this message in indirect style, the receiver can also 
doubt the veracity of the message, especially if its content is unlikely. 
This ceases to be a problem if we use the direct style:
● Teodoro dijo: “Vamos a construir una piscina municipal y a poner un
monumento.” (Teodoro said: "We are going to build a municipal 
pool and put a monument.")

20.  Direct and Indirect Object (Objeto directo e indirecto 
en Español)
First, we will review what pronouns are:
Pronouns are words that serve to replace the noun. We have several
types of pronouns in Spanish, but we will focus on the direct object
and indirect object pronouns in this lesson.
If you want to replace a noun with an object pronoun, you first have to find 
out if it is a direct or indirect object.
The Direct Object (El Objeto Directo)
To find the direct object, we must ask the verb: WHAT?
Mi amiga compra un ordenador (My friend buys a computer)
We can ask the verb: What does it buy?. In this case, it is "a computer" 
and that is the direct object. Sometimes, there is no response and that 
means there is no direct object:
Vivimos en Valencia (We live in Valencia)
What do we live? There's no answer. Usually, the direct object is a 
thing, but persons are also possible.
The Indirect Object (El Objeto Indirecto)
To find the indirect object we must ask the verb Who receives? Who 
is the benefactor of the action?
Mi madre da las llaves a Ana (My mom gives Ana the keys)
We can ask the verb, what does it give? In this case it is "the keys" and this 
is the direct object. We can also continue asking the verb who receives the 
keys?. In this case, it is "Ana" and that is the indirect object.
Direct object pronouns (Pronombres de objeto directo)
We use these pronouns to substitute the direct object. These type of 
pronouns are placed before the verb.
Veo la televisión -> La veo
(I watch the TV) -> (I watch it)
Compraste los libros -> Los compraste
(You bought the books) -> (You bought them)
Veo a María -> La veo
(I see María) -> (I see her)
Indirect Object Pronouns (Pronombres del Objeto Indirecto)
We use these pronouns to replace the indirect object and place it before the
verb. If there is already a direct object pronoun, the indirect object pronoun
will come before it:
Doy un beso a mi perro (I kiss my dog)
Le doy un beso -> Se lo doy
(I kiss him) -> (I give it to him)
Marta le da una camisa a Pedro (Marta gives a shirt to Pedro)
Marta le da una camisa -> Marte se la da
(Marta gives him a shirt) -> (Marta gives it to him)
Careful! The pronoun LE, when it goes before the pronouns lo/la/los/las 
becomes SE. To avoid ambiguities, it is possible to repeat the indirect 
object even if the pronoun is used:
Le doy un beso a mi perro (I kiss my dog)