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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Contents
1) Nouns and gender
2) Pronouns
3) Articles
4) Verbs
5) Verbs variations and irregular verbs
6) Verbs: Haben and Sein
7) Separable verbs
8) Imperative
9) Questions
10) The four cases
11) The nominative case
12) The accusative case
13) The dative case
14) The genitive case
15) Adjectives
16) Possessive adjectives
17) Reflexive verbs
18) Negation
19) Modal verbs
20) The Perfect tense
21) Simple Past tense
22) Future tense
23) Preposition
24) Conjunctions and clauses
25) Word order
SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The gender of German nouns –
Das Genus der deutschen Substantive
What is the noun?
The noun is used to name a person, a thing or an object: Boy, Letter
Chair etc. Nouns always have different genders, so there are 3 genders 
in German.
➢ Der Maskulin (Masculine)
➢ Die Feminin (Feminine)
➢ Das Neutral (Neuter)
These nouns can be identified by the definite article (die bestimmten 
Artikeln) These articles are the equivalents of (‘the’ in English) which 
are different for each gender:
der for masculine nouns Der Mann (the man)
die for female nouns Die Frau (the woman)
das for neuter nouns Das Kind (the child)
➢ Neuter nouns which are equivalents of (‘it’ in Note: All nouns in
English) can be masculine, feminine or neuter in German always
German: start with a capital
letter
Beispiel (example): der Stuhl the chair
das Buch the book
die Tür the door
Tip: You should learn the
gender (Der, Das, Die )
when you learn a new noun.
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Personal pronouns – Personalpronomen
What are personal pronouns?
The personal pronouns are used to replace people
or things.
Beispiel (example): There are 3 pronouns of ‘sie’
= she =they = you, formal.
Sara lernt Deutsch. Sie lernt Deutsch 
Sara learns German. She learns German
The personal pronouns in German:
Person Form
1. Person Singular (first person) ich I
2. Person Singular (Second person) du you
3. Person Singular (Third person) er he (Maskulin)
sie she (Feminin)
es it (Neutral)
1. Person Plural wir we
2. Person Plural ihr you
3. Person Plural sie they
Höflichkeitsform (Polite or formal) Sie you
As you can see in the table, German has different ways for addressing
people.
• Use du (Singular) and ihr (Plural) for friends, children and relatives.
• Use Sie (singular and plural) with a capital letter for people whom you
do not know well or whom you would address by 'Mr' or 'Mrs'.
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Articles in singular and plural –
Artikeln im Singular und Plural
All nouns in German have articles which stand before them. There are 
two kinds of articles.
➢ Definiter / bestimmter Artikel (definite article)
➢ Indefiniter / unbestimmter Artikel (indefinite article)
What is the definite and indefinite articles?
In English the definite article is the word 'the' for both singular and plural 
nouns. We use (the) to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to 
the reader.
In German, as we have seen in the lesson of nouns, the definite articles 
for singular nouns are:
• 'der' before masculine noun. Der Schrank the cupboard
• 'die' before feminine noun. Die Lampe the lamb
• 'das' before neuter noun. Das Bild the picture
For plural nouns, these three genders (der, das, die) become (die)…
Beispiel (example):
Singular Plural
o Maskulin der Mann (the man) die Männer (the men)
o Feminin die Frau (the woman) die Frauen (the women)
o Neutral das Kind (the child) die Kinder (the children)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
We use the indefinite article like (a, an) in English before a noun that is 
general or when its identity is not known. As there are 3 definite articles in
German, we also have 3 indefinite articles:
➢ 'ein' before a masculine noun. ein Stift a pen
➢ 'eine' before a feminine noun.   eine Brillea glasses
➢ 'ein' before a neuter noun. ein Buch a book
Beispiel (example):
Here we are not talking about a particular man
Das ist ein Mann. (This is man) Note: We do not always
Der Mann liest ein Buch (The man reads a book) use the indefinite article
in the plural form
Here we are talking about a particular person
Ergänzen Sie die Tabelle mit unbestimmten Artikeln!
Complete the table with indefinite articles!
Bestimmter Artikel Unbestimmter Artikel
o Maskulin der Mann (the man) …… Mann
o Feminin die Frau (the woman) …… Frau
o Neutral das Kind (the child) …… Kind
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The verb - Das Verb
What is a verb?
Verbs are words that shows what a person or any other subject is doing:
‘Er spielt Fußball.’ (He plays football)
‘Ich lese ein Buch.’ (I read a book)
It can also show a state: ‘Sie ist traurig.’ (She is sad)
- In German we have the full form of the verb which is called ‘infinitiv’
(infinitive).
- Most of infinitive verbs end in ‘-en’ as in ‘gehen’ (to go), ‘kommen’ (to 
come). Some other verbs end in ‘-eln’ as in ‘handeln’ (to act), ‘wechseln’ 
(to change).
Beispiel (example):
The verb stem is the infinitive
form without -en or -n.
(infinitiv) The verb in (Verbstamm) Verb stem
infinitive form + (Endung ) verb ending
gehen (to go) geh+en
kommen (to come) Komm+en
wohnen (to live) wohn+en
wechseln (to change) wechsel+n
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Verb variation – Verbvariation
Regelmäßige / Schwache Verben (Regular / weak verbs)
The regular verbs in German always have the same verb ending. When we 
conjugate the regular verbs, we change only the verb ending ‘-en or ‘-n’.
How to conjugate the verbs?
Ex: kommen (to come)
Drop the verb ending ‘-en’ then add new ending to the verb stem.
Verbkonjugation (Verb conjugation):
The verbs are conjugated by the Subject.
Here you can see an example of the verb ‘kommen’ in present tense:
Subject pronouns Verb ending Verb conjugation
ich (I) -e Komme
du (you, informal) -st Kommst
er/sie/es (he/she/it) -t Kommt
wir (we) -en Kommen
ihr (you, plural, informal) -t Kommt
sie (they) -en Kommen
Sie (you, Singular/plural, -en Kommen
formal)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Übung (exercise):
Ergänzen das Verb in der richtigen Form.
(Complete the verb in the correct form.)
konjugation präsens: Verb machen (to make)
ich
du
er/sie/es
wir
ihr (plural informal)
sie/Sie
konjugation präsens: Verb gehen (to go)
ich
du
er/sie/es
wir
ihr (plural informal)
sie/Sie
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Irregular / strong verbs - Unregelmäßige / Starke Verben
In this kind of verbs, we change the  vowe l in the stem of the verb in the
second and third person singular (du, er, sie ,es ). The plural is conjugated
the same as the regular verbs. The following table shows the changes.
Vokalwechsel
(Vowel change)
Das Verb Verbkonjugation
im präsens
geben (to give) ich gebe I give
du gibst you give
er/sie/es gibt he/she/it gives
sprechen (to speak) ich spreche I speak Von e
du sprichst you speak nach i
er/sie/es spricht he/she/it speaks
lesen (to read) ich lese I read
du l iest you read
er/sie/es l ie st he/she/it reads
sehen (to see) ich sehe I see Von e 
du s iehst you see nach ie
er/sie/es s ieht he/she/it sees
fahren (to drive) ich fahre I drive
du fährst you drive
er/sie/es f ä hrt he/she/it drives
lassen (to let) ich lasse I let von a
du l ässt you let nach ä
er/ sie/ es l ässt he/she/it lets
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Verbs: haben and sein
The verbs ‘haben’ (to have) and ‘sein’ (to be) are the most important 
and common verbs in German.
The verb ‘haben’ is irregular verb as the verb (to have) in English.
Examples:
Ich habe zwei Kinder. (I have two children)
Sie hat ein Auto. (She has a car)
Wir haben ein Unterricht. (We have a class)
The verb conjugated in present as follows:
konjugation präsens: Verb haben
ich habe I have
du hast you have
er/sie/es hat he/she/it has
wir haben we have
ihr (plural informal) habt you have
sie haben they have
Sie (formal) haben you have
Übung (exercise):
Verwende das verb ‘haben’ in der richtigen Form!
(Use the verb 'sein' in the correct form!)
1. Er ….. eine Katze.
2. Sara …… ein Auto.
3. Ich ….. eine Schwester
4. Susanne und Peter ……. zwei Kinder
5. Wir …. eine neue Wohnung.
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The verb ‘Sein’ is irregular verb as the verb (to be) in English.
Examples:
Ich bin Student. (I am a student)
Es ist leicht. (It is easy)
Seid Ihr verheiratet? (Are you married)
The verb conjugated in present as follows:
 konjugation präsens: Verb sein
ich bin I am
du bist you are
er/sie/es ist he/she/it is
wir sind we are
ihr (plural informal) seid you are
sie sind they are
Sie (formal) sind you are
Übung (exercise):
Verwende das verb ‘Sein’ in der richtigen Form!
(Use the verb 'sein' in the correct form!)
1. Ich ……. 15 Jahre alt. Wie alt ……. du?
2. Es …. schwer.
3. Er ……. Lehrer.
4. Welcher Tag …… heute?
5. Meine Eltern …. Sehr nett.
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Separable verbs – Trennbare Verben
What is a separable verb?
Some verbs in German have two parts: a prefix added to an infinitive verb
in order to change the meaning of the main verb.
‘trennbar’ adjective comes from the verb ‘trennen’ in German which means
(to separate) because the prefix is separated and goes to the end of the 
clause or the sentence.
Beispiel (example):
the verb ‘kommen’ (to come) …
if we add the prefix ‘an’, it will change the meaning to ‘ankommen’ (to arrive).
Prefix verb
ankommen
Ich komme in 5 Minuten an. (I arrive in 5 minutes)
the verb ‘sehen’ (to see)…
if we add the prefix ‘aus’, it will change the meaning to ‘aussehen’ (to 
look/ look like).
aussehen
Du siehst toll aus. (You look great)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The imperative – Der Imperativ
What is the imperative?
We use imperative to express a request, an instruction or a command in
direct speech (when you talk to somebody directly).
Ex:
Lesen Sie die Sätze! (Read the sentences!)
Öffne die Tür! (Open the door!)
How to form the imperative?
The verb comes in first position as in English. There are 3 different forms of 
imperative depending on whether it is Singular or Plural. Imperative is used 
when you speak directly to someone, so we use the second person.
‘’du ’’ (2. Person Singular)
“ihr” (2. Person plural)
“Sie” Höflichkeitsform (Singular und Plural)
➢ Use “du” form for singular as the verb conjugated in present, then drop
“du” and the ‘-st’ ending.
Beispiel (example):
du machst         Mach!
Mach die Hausaufgabe! (Make the homework!)
du kommst        Komm!
Komm hier ! (Come here!)
➢ Use “ihr” form for plural as the verb conjugated in present, then remove
only the word “ihr” and keep the ‘-t’ ending.
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Beispiel (example):
Ihr macht        Macht!
Macht die Hausaufgabe! (Make the homework!)
Ihr kommt Kommt!
Kommt hier! (Come here!)
➢ Use ‘Sie’ form (for both singular or plural formal) as the verb 
conjugated in present. Swap the positions only
Beisbiel (example):
Sie machen        Machen Sie!
Machen Sie die Hausaufgabe! (make the homework!)
Sie Kommen       Kommen Sie!
Kommen Sie hier! (Come here!)
Übung (exercise): Bilde den Imperativ! (form the imperative!)
Infinitiv du Ihr Sie
Kaufen Kauf! …….. …….
gehen ……. …… Gehen Sie!
sagen ……. Sagt! …….
trinken …… ……. ……
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Questions – Fragen
It is very simple in German to make a question. In German, there are two
types of questions.
➢ Ja oder Nein Frage  (Yes or no question)
In a normal sentence, the verb comes in position 2. With yes/no question,
the verb is in position 1. In this type of questions, we answer with Ja/Nein
(yes/no).
Zum Beispiel (For example):
Du wohnst in Berlin. (You live in Berlin.)
Frage (question): Wohnst du in Berlin?
We use ‘nicht ’ to
(Do you live in Berlin?)
negative the sentence
Antworten (Answers):
Ja, ich wohne in Berlin / Nein, ich wohne nicht in Berlin.
(Yes, I live in Berlin/ No, I do not live in Berlin)
➢ W-Fragen (W-questions)
It is the same as yes/no questions but we only add the question word at the
first position before the verb.
Beispiel (example):
question word verb subject
Wo wohnst du? (Where do you live?)
Wie heißen Sie? (What is your name?)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Here is a list of question words.
Was? What?
Wo? Where?
Wie? How?
Woher? Where from?
Wohin? Where to?
Wann? When?
Wer? Who?
Warum? Why?
Wie viel? How much?
Wie viele? How many?
Wie lange? How long?
Wie oft? How often?
Übung (exercise):
Schreib die richtige W-Frage.
(Write the correct question word.)
1. ….. machst du?   (what are you doing?)
2. ….. heißen Sie?   (What is your name?)
3. …… Kommen Sie?  (Where are you from?)
4. …… lernst du Deutsch?  (Why do you learn German?)
5. …… wohnt er? (Where does he live)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The four cases – Die vier Fälle
Was sind die Kasus/ Fälle? (What are the cases?)
Nouns always have different roles in the sentence. The noun can act as a 
subject, object, indirect object, or a possession. The case shows the function
of a noun or pronoun in a sentence.
There are four cases in German:
Der Mann liest
(the man is reading)
Der Mann liest ein
Buch
(the man is reading a
book)
Der Mann gibt dem 
Kind das Buch (the 
man gives the book 
to the child)
Das Buch des Mannes (the man’s book)
Beispiel (example):
Der Ehemann der Nachbarin gibt dem Kind das Geschenk.
Subject verb indirect object object
Nominativ Genitiv Dativ Akkusativ
The neighbor's husband gives the gift to the child.
This example includes the four cases together.
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The nominative case – Der Nominativ
What is the nominative case?
The nominative is the original form for nouns and pronouns. We use 
the nominative case to show the subject in the sentence that answers 
the question:
Wer oder was?  (Who or what)
For a person for a thing
Beispiel (example):
Das kind spielt Fußball.
Wer spielt Fußball? Das Kind (Who is playing football? The child)
Das Haus ist groß. (The house is big)
Was ist groß? Das Haus (What is big? The house)
The answers: ‘das Kind‘ and ‘das Haus’ are nominative that indicates the 
subject of the sentence – the person or the thing that is doing the action
Nominative is also used with certain verbs:
Besipiel:
➢ ‘sein’ (to be)
Er ist Lehrer. (He is a teacher)
➢ ‘werden’ (to become):
Sara wird 20 Jahre alt. (Sara will become 20 years old)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Artikeln im Nominativ (articles in the nominative case)
Geschlecht (Gender) Definiter Artikel Indefiniter Artikel
Maskulin der ein
Feminin die eine
Neutral das ein
Plural die -
Übung (exercise):
Lesen Sie die Sätze und ergänzen Sie die Artikel- Tabelle!
(Read the sentences and complete the article table!)
1. Der Man liest ein Buch.
2. Die Frau trinkt Tee.
3. Das Kind spielt mit dem Ball.
4. Die Eltern fahren nach Berlin.
Geschlecht (Gender) Nominativ
Maskulin der
Feminin ….
Neutral d..
Plural d…
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The accusative – Der Akkusativ
What is the accusative case?
We use the accusative case to show the direct object in a sentence (the
receiver of an action). It answers the question: Wen oder was? (Whom or
what?)
Akkusativ = direktes Objekt
Beispiel (example):
Frage (question):  Was hast du? (What do you have?)
Antwort (answer): Ich habe einen Computer   (I have a computer)
Sub verb object
Nom Akk
Here you can see, the object is ‘einen Computer’ in accusative. 
Definiter Artikel im Akkusativ (definite articles in the accusative case)
Geschlecht (Gender) Nominativ Akkusativ
Maskulin der den
Feminin die die
Neutral das das
Plural die die
Indefiniter Artikel im Akkusativ (indefinite articles in the accusative case)
Geschlecht (Gender) Nominativ Akkusativ
Maskulin ein einen
Feminin eine eine
Neutral ein ein
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
- If you notice the table in the masculine nouns:
▪ (In definite articles) der changes to den
▪ (In indefinite articles) ein changes to einen
For the other genders, the articles are the same as nominative.
When to use accusative?
➢ A sentence with a direct object
Sare liebt den Hund (Sara loves the dog)
➢ After specific verbs.
e.g.: besuchen, haben, kennen +Akk
Er besucht ein Museum. (He visits a museum)
➢ After specific prepositions These verbs always need a
- für (for) direct object. Eg.: the verb
- ohne (without) ‘besuchen’ (to visit). It
- durch (through) requires an object to
- gegen (around, against) complete the sentence
(I have to visit something)
e.g.:
Sie fahren durch die Stadt.
(They drive through the city)
Das Buch ist für den Lehrer. (The book is for the teacher.)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The dative case – Der Dativ
Der Dativ einer der 4 deutschen Fälle.
German has four cases:
- NOMINATIV which is the subject
- AKKUSATIV which is the direct object
- DATIV (Indirect object)
- GENETIV which indicates possession
Beispiel: Ich gebe dem Kind ein Geschenk
Ex: I give a present to the child
Sub Object Indirect object
Nom AKK Dativ
Der Dativ = das indirekte Objekt des Satzes
We use the dative case to show the indirect object of the verb that answers
the question: to/ for whom action is taken. Indirect objects are the people, 
places and things in a phrase that receive the action. For instance, in the 
sentence “I give a present to the child”, “the child” is indirect object 
because “I” (the subject) acts upon “the present” (the direct object)
Definiter Artikel im Dativ (definite articles in the dative case)
Geschlecht (Gender) Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ
Maskulin der den dem
Feminin die die der
Neutral das das dem
Plural die die den
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Indefiniter Artikel im Dativ (indefinite articles in the dative case)
Geschlecht (Gender) Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ
Maskulin ein einen einem
Feminin eine eine einer
Neutral ein ein einem
When to use Dative?
➢ Sentence with more than one object (direct object and indirect object)
ex: Der Mann gibt der Frau einen Brief
➢ After specific verbs (≈ 50 verbs)
ex: the verb helfen + Dativ
Der man hilft der Frau (The man helps the woman)
Sie hilft dem Kind (She helps the child)
Übung (exercise):
Lesen Sie die Sätze und ergänzen Sie die Artikel- Tabelle!
(Read the sentences and complete the article table!)
1. Der Student gibt dem Lehrer den Brief.
2. Die Frau kauft der Tochter die Blume.
3. Das Kind schenkt dem Mädchen das Geschenk.
4. Die Eltern lesen den Kindern die Geschichten vor.
Geschlecht (Gender) Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ
Maskulin …… ….. dem
Feminin die die ….
Neutral …. …. ….
Plural …… …. den
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The genitive case – Der Genetiv
We use genitive to show possession as the word ‘of’ in English or by adding
an apostrophe ‘s’, e.g.: the kid’s toy.
Beispiel (example):
Das ist das Spielzeug des Kindes (This is the child's toy)
Here the toy belongs to the kid. When we ask about the possession, we use
the question word ‘wessen’ (whose).
Beispiel: Wessen Spielzeug ist das? (Whose toy is this?)
In spoken German, we do not often use Genitive. To avoid genitive, you can
use the preposition ‘von + Dativ’ which is similar to the word ‘of in English’ 
e.g. Das Spielzeug von dem Kind.
Definiter Artikel im Genitiv (definite articles in the genitive case)
Geschlecht (Gender) Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ Genitiv
Maskulin der den dem des
Feminin die die der der
Neutral das das dem des
Plural die die den der
Indefiniter Artikel im Genitiv (indefinite articles in the genitive case)
Geschlecht (Gender) Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ Genitiv
Maskulin ein einen einem eines
Feminin eine eine einer einer
Neutral ein ein einem eines
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
In masculine and neuter we add an ending ‘-es’ to the nouns with 
one syllable (der Mann → des Mannes)
And only ‘ -s’ to nouns with two syllables or more (der Computer → 
des Computers).
We also use genitive after certain prepositions. e.g
➢ Wegen (because), während (during), trotz (despite), außerhalb
(outside).
Sie wohnen  außerhalb   der Stadt  . (He lives outside the city)
Ich bliebe wegen des schlechten Wetters zu Hause.
(I stayed home because of the bad weather.)
Übung (exercise):
Bilden Sie den Genitiv wie im Beispiel unten.
Form the genitive as in the example below.
Beispiel:
Das Auto/ die Eltern Das Auto der Eltern
1.Das Fenster/ das Haus _________________
2.Das Futter/ die Katze _________________
3.Das Kleid/ das Mädchen _________________
4.Das Buch/ die Studentin _________________
5.Die Strahlen/ die Sonne _________________
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The adjectives – die Adjektive
What are the adjectives?
Adjectives are words that describe a noun or pronoun and give us more 
information about a person, place or thing. e.g., Das Auto ist neu. (The car 
is new). There are 3 types of adjectives…
Adj
before
after nouns
nouns
Predicative Adverbial Attributive
• Prädikative Adjektive (Predicative adjectives): this kind of 
adjectives come after certain verbs e.g. Sein (to be), bleiben (to 
stay) and warden (to become).
(The food is delicious)
Beispiel: Das Essen ist lecker
• Adverbiale  Adjektive  (Adverbial  adjectives):  These adjectives come
after  verbs and they are the same as the adverbs in  English which
describe the verbs.
Beispiel: Das Essen riecht gut (The food smells good)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
•Attributive Adjektive (Attributive adjectives): describe only the nouns and 
come before nouns and after the articles. Here the adjective endings have
to be declined according to the case, number and gender.
Beispiel: Das leckere Essen (The delicious food)
Adjektivdeklination: definiter Artikel
Geschlecht/ Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ Genitiv
Kasus
Maskulin der nette Mann den netten Mann dem netten Mann des netten Mannes
Feminin die nette Frau die nette  Frau der netten Frau der netten Frau
Neutral das nette Kind das nette Kind dem netten Kind des netten Kindes
Plural die netten Leute die netten Leute den netten Leuten der netten Leute
Adjektivdeklination: indefiniter Artikel
Geschlecht/ Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ Genitiv
Kasus
Maskulin ein netter Mann einen netten Mann einem netten Mann eines netten Mannes
Feminin eine nette Frau eine nette  Frau einer netten Frau einer netten Frau
Neutral ein nettes Kind ein nettes Kind einem netten Kind eines netten Kindes
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Possessive adjectives
What are possessive adjectives?
We use possessive adjectives to express who possesses sth or something
belongs  to  somebody.  In  German,  we  call  it  ‘Possessivartikel
‘(possessive articles).
Beispiel:
Mein Laptop (my laptop), ihre Kinder (her children)
Ist das dein Buch? (Is this your book?)
The possessive adjectives in German are as follows:
Subject pronouns Possessive adjectives
ich (I) mein (my)
du (you, informal) dein (your)
er (he) sein (his)
sie (she) ihr (her)
es (it) sein (its)
wir (we) unser (our)
ihr (you, plural, informal) euer (your)
sie (they) ihr (their)
Sie (you, Singular/plural, formal) Ihr (your)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The endings change according to gender (Masculine, Feminine, or Neutral),
number (Singular or plural) and case (Nominative, accusative, dative or 
genitive)
To make it easy: The endings of these possessive adjectives follow the
same pattern of the
indefinite article ‘ein’.
Geschlecht Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ Genitiv
(Gender)
Maskulin ein einen einem eines
Feminin eine eine einer einer
Neutral ein ein einem eines
Possessivartikel im Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ und Genitiv
Geschlecht Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ Genitiv
(Gender) das ist.. Ich sehe mit … das ist das
Geschenk..
Maskulin mein Vater meinen Vater meinem Vater meines Vaters
Feminin meine meine Mutter meiner Mutter meiner Mutter
Mutter
Neutral mein Kind mein Kind meinem Kind meines Kinds
Plural meine Eltern meine Eltern meinen Eltern meiner Eltern
Also so: dein-, sein-, ihr-, unser-, eu(e)r-, ihr-, Ihr-
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Übung (exercise):
Ergänzen Sie die Lücken mit Possessivartikel.
(Fill the gaps with the possessive article.)
Example: Ich habe einen Bruder. Mein Bruder ist 10 Jahre alt. 
(I have a brother. My brother is 10 years old.)
1. Wir haben ……. Auto vekauft. (We sold our car)
2. Hilfst du …. Mutter in der Küche? (do you help your mother in the kitchen?)
3. ….. Haus ist schön (His house beautiful)
4. Ist das …. Handy? (Is this your phone?)
5. Sind das …. Taschen, Herr Müller? (Are these your bags, Mr. Müller?)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Reflexive verbs - Reflexive Verben
What is a reflexive verb?
We use reflexive verbs when the Subject and the object are the same in a
sentence or the person is doing the action to himself or herself.
For example:
Ich wasche mich. (I wash myself) Ich wasche mein Auto. (I wash my car)
Here the object is a reflexive pronoun. Here the subject and the object are
not the same
In the first example (Ich wasche mich) the subject and the object are the 
same, that’s why we use reflexive pronouns. The reflexive verbs consist of 
2 parts: a verb and a reflexive pronoun
What are the reflexive pronouns?
The reflexive pronouns are words such as ‘myself’, ‘yourself’ which are 
reflecting back to the subject. They can be a direct object (in accusative
case) or an indirect object (in a dative case).
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Reflexive pronouns are as follows:
Reflexivpronomen
Subject pronouns Akkusativ Dativ
(Nominativ)
ich (I) mich mir (myself)
(myself)
du (you, informal) dich dir (yourself)
(yourself)
er/sie/es (he/she/it) (himself/herself/itself)
sich
wir (we) (ourselves)
uns
ihr (you, plural, informal) (yourselves)
euch
sie (they) (themselves)
sich
Sie (yourself)
(you,Singular/plural,formal) sich
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Most of reflexive verbs take the accusative pronouns:
Beispiel:
- sich entschuldigen (to apologize)
Ich  entschuldige  mich  für die Verspätung.
(I apologize for being late)
- sich erholen (to relax)
Möchten Sie  sich  erholen  und entspannen?
(Would you like to spend some time resting and relaxing?)
sich umsehen (to look around)
-
Man kann einfach reingehen und  sich  umsehen .
(You can get inside and just look around.)
- Sich erinnern (to remember)
ich  erinnere  mich  überhaupt nicht daran.
(I don't remember it at all.)
Übung (Exercise):
Ergänzen Sie die Sätze mit dem richtigen Reflexivpronomen.
(Complete the sentences with the correct reflexive pronoun)
1. Er interessiert ….. für die Wirtschaft
2. Sie entschuldigt ….. für die Verspätung.
3. Ich ziehe …. Schnell an.
4. Mein Kind wäscht ….. jeden Tag.
5. Mein Bruder duscht ……
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Negation
How to form a negative in German?
We simply negate the sentence by adding ‘nicht’ (not) to the verb or 
by using ‘kein’ (no, not a, or not any) as a negative article.
➢  When to use ‘nicht’? 
‘Nicht’ is used when we need to negate a verb, an adjective, possessive
adjective or noun with definite article.
Verb:
Sie wohnt nicht in Berlin. (She does not live in Berlin.)
Er arbeitet nicht . (He does not work.)
Adjective:
Das Auto ist nicht neu (The car is not new)
Possessive adjective:
Das ist nicht mein Buch (This is not my book)
Nouns with definite articles:
Das ist nicht das beste Geschenk (This is not the best gift)
➢ When to use ‘kein’?
‘Kein’ is used as a negative article when we negate nouns that have 
no articles or proceeded by indefinite articles
Noun without articles:
Ich habe keine Kinder (I do not have children)
Ich habe  keine  Zei t. (I do not have time)
Noun with indefinite article:
Hast du ein Auto? Nein, ich habe  kein  Auto .
(Do you have a car? No, I do not have a car)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
‘Kein’ follows the same pattern of the indefinite article (ein, eine , ein)… the
same as the possessive adjective ‘mein’.
Geschlecht Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ Genitiv
(Gender)
Maskulin ein einen einem eines
Feminin eine eine einer einer
Neutral ein ein einem eines
Geschlecht (Gender) Nominativ Akkusativ Dativ Genitiv
Maskulin Kein Vater keinen Vater keinem Vater keines Vaters
Feminin keine Mutter keine Mutter keiner Mutter keiner Mutter
Neutral kein Kind kein Kind keinem Kind keines Kinds
Plural keine Eltern keine Eltern keinen Eltern keiner Eltern
Übung (Exercise):
Turn these sentences into negative.
1. Ich komme aus Deutschland
2. Mein Vater hat ein Auto
3. Er ist müde
4. Meine Mutter ist Krank
5. Das ist mein Stift
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Modal verbs - Modalverben
What are modal verbs in German?
Modal verbs used to ask for permission or to express possibility, 
ability, necessity,
etc. They are used as auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) with the main verb 
of the
sentence together such as ‘must’ and ‘should’ in English.
The  modal  verb  comes  always  in  the  second  position,  conjugated
according to the subject and the main verb goes to the end of the sentence
in infinitive form.
e.g. Ich kann nicht Englisch sprechen. (I cannot speak English)
Here we only conjugate the modal verb in the second position.
There are 6 modal verbs in German:
o Können (can/ to be able to)
Beispiel:
Ich kann gut Deutsch sprechen. (I can speak German well.)
Wegen des Wetters konnten wie nicht fahren.
(We couldn't drive because of the weather.)
Conjugated as follows:
Subject Pronoun Present Past Simple
ich kann konnte
du kannst konntest
er/sie/es kann konnte
wir können konnten
ihr  (plural informal) könnt konntet
sie/Sie können konnten
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
o dürfen (may/ to be allowed to)
Beispiel:
Hier darf man nicht rauchen. (It is not allowed to smoke here.)
Er durfte nicht Pause machen. (He wasn't allowed to take a break.)
Conjugated as follows:
Subject Pronoun Present Past Simple
ich darf durfte
du darfst durftest
er/sie/es darf durfte
wir dürfen durften
ihr  (plural informal) dürft durftet
sie/Sie dürfen durften
o müssen (to have to/must)
Beispiel:
Ich muss morgen früh aufstehen (I have to wake up early)
Er musste nach Hause gehen (He had to go to home)
Conjugated as follows:
Subject Pronoun Present Past Simple
ich muss musste
du musst musstest
er/sie/es muss musste
wir müssen mussten
ihr  (plural informal) müsst musstet
sie/Sie müssen mussten
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
o sollen (should, to be supposed to)
Beispiel:
Sara soll zu Hause bleiben, denn sie ist Krank 
(Sara should stay at home because she is sick)
Du solltest nicht so viel essen (You shouldn't eat so much)
Conjugated as follows:
Subject Pronoun Present Past Simple
ich soll sollte
du sollst solltest
er/sie/es soll sollte
wir sollen sollten
ihr  (plural informal) sollt solltet
sie/Sie sollen sollten
o wollen (want to)
Beispiel:
Ich will Deutsch lernen. (I want to learn German) 
Das Kind wollte abends nicht ins Bett gehen
(The child did not want to go to bed at night)
Conjugated as follows:
Subject Pronoun Present Past Simple
ich will wollte
du willst wolltest
er/sie/es will wollte
wir wollen wollten
ihr  (plural informal) wollt wolltet
sie/Sie wollen wollten
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
o mögen (to like)
Beispiel:
Ich mag Kaffee trinken. (I like drinking coffee.) Conjugated 
as follows:
Subject Pronoun Present Past Simple
ich mag mochte
du magst mochtest
er/sie/es mag mochte
wir mögen mochten
ihr  (plural informal) mögt mochtet
sie/Sie mögen mochten
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The perfect tense – Das Perfekt
We use the perfect tense as the past simple in English, when we talk about 
a completed action. It is commonly used in spoken language.
e.g
Präsens (present): Ich mache die Hausaufgabe (I do the homework)
Once the action is finished Ich habe die Hausaufgabe gemacht
(I did the homework)
How to form it?
We use the verbs ‘haben’ and ‘sein’ as auxiliary or helping verbs 
conjugated at the second position and ‘Partizip II’ (past participle of 
the verb) at the end of a clause or a sentence
Ich habe die Hausaufgabe gemacht
Hilfsverb Partizip II
Konjugiert Pos.2
Ich bin nach Berlin gefahren
We use the conjugation of the verbs ‘haben’ and ‘sein’ in the present 
tense form as we have seen in lesson of Verbs: haben and sein.
konjugation präsens: Verb haben
ich habe
If the main verb indicates a movement
du hast
or changes a state, then we use the 
er/sie/es hat helping (auxiliary) verb ‘sein’ such as 
wir haben + Partizip II (gemacht) ‘geben’ (to go), ‘kommen’ (to come), 
ihr habt ‘fahren’ (to travel). All other verbs 
form the perfect with ‘haben’
sie haben
Sie (formal) haben
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
konjugation präsens: Verb sein
ich bin
du bist
er/sie/es ist
wir sind + Partizip II (gefahren)
ihr seid
sie sind
Sie (formal) sind
How to form ‘Partizip II’ (the past participle)?
As you have seen in the lesson of Verbs, some verbs are regular and some
are irregular.
o With regular verbs: add ‘ge-‘ at the beginning of the verb stem and ‘-t’ at
the end. If the verb stem ends with ‘-t’, add ‘et’
Infinitive past participle
machen gemacht
spielen gespielt
arbeiten gearbeitet
o With irregular verbs: add ‘ge-‘ at the beginning of the verb stem and ‘-
en’ at the end
Infinitive past participle
schreiben geschrieben
lesen gelesen
fahren gefahren
o Verbs that end in ‘-ieren‘ such as ‘telefonieren‘ (to call) we add only ‘-t’ 
to the end of the verb stem.
telefonierentelefoniert
informiereninformiert
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The Past tense - Imperfekt / Präteritum
‘Präteritum’ refers to the events that happened in the past as the 
perfect tense but it is used mostly in written language such as stories, 
novel, newspapers, etc.
Beispiel:
Ich machte die Hausaufgabe (I did the homwork)
Ich fuhr nach Berlin (I travelled to Berlin)
How to conjugate verbs in ‘Präteritum’?
For regular/weak verbs, drop the verb the ending ‘-en’ and add the 
verb endings of ‘Präteritum’ as follows:
Subject pronouns Verb ending Verb conjugation:
machten (made)
ich (I) -te machte
du (you, informal) -test machtest
er/sie/es (he/she/it) -te machte
wir (we) -ten machten
ihr (you, plural, informal) -tet machtet
sie (they) -ten machten
Sie (you, Singular/plural, formal) -ten machten
For irregular verbs the vowel changes in the verb stem as follows:
Subject pronouns Verb conjugation: sahen (saw)
ich (I) sah
du (you, informal) sahest
er/sie/es (he/she/it) sah
wir (we) sahen
ihr (you, plural, informal) saht
sie (they) sahen
Sie (you, Singular/plural, formal) sahen
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
‘haben’ and ‘sein’ are the most commonly used irregular 
verbs in ‘Präteritum’. They are conjugated as follows:
Subject pronouns hatten (had) waren (was/were)
ich (I) hatte war
du (you, informal) hattest warst
er/sie/es (he/she/it) hatte war
wir (we) hatten waren
ihr (you, plural, informal) hattet wart
sie (they) hatten waren
Sie (you, Singular/plural, formal) hatten waren
Übung (exercise):
Ergänzen das Verb in der richtigen Form.
(Complete the verb in the correct form. )
konjugation Präteritum: Verb spielten (played)
ich
du
er/sie/es
wir
ihr  (plural informal)
sie/Sie
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
The Future tense – Das Futur
There are 2 ways to express future tense in German.
➢ The first way is by using the present simple tense with future 
time phrases.
Beispiel:
Ich fahre morgen nach Berlin. (I am going to Berlin tomorrow)
Wir spielen nächste Woche Fußball. (We are going to play football next week)
➢ The second way is to use the verb ‘werden’ (will) which is an irregular 
verb and acts as auxiliary verb and the infinitive of the main verb. It 
follows the same pattern of the modal verbs. Werden + infinitive
The verb ‘werden’ is conjugated as follows:
Verb: werden (will)
ich werde
du wirst
er/sie/es wird
wir werden
ihr  (plural informal) werdet
sie/Sie werden
‘werden’ is conjugated in the second position according to the subject and 
the infinitive of the main verb goes to the end of the sentence or the 
clause. Beispiel:
I will learn German
Ich lerne Deutsch. Ich werde Deutsch lernen. I will learn German
Ich rufe dich an Ich werde dich anrufen (I will call you)
Conjugated infinitive
at the position.2
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Prepositions – Präpositionen
What is a preposition?
Prepositions are words used before nouns or pronouns such as ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘at’.
They can give us information about time, Place, manner, or a reason
There are different types of prepositions in German…
Lokal Temporal Modal Kausal
Wo?+ Dativ Wann? Warum?+Wie?
Where? When? How? Genetiv
Why?
Wohin?+
Akkusativ Weshalb?
Whereto? Why?
• Lokal: Präpositionen des Ortes (prepositions of place)
We use this type of preposition to answer the question?
Wo/ Wohin(where/whereto). 
Beispiel:
an(beside), auf(on), hinter(behind), in(in), neben(next to), vor(in front 
of), unter(under)
Wo? + Dativ: Wo ist das Buch?  Das Buch ist auf dem Tisch
(Where is the book? The book is on the table)
Wohin? + Akkusativ: Wohin gehen Sie? Ich gehe in die Schule. 
(Where are you going? I am going to school.)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
• Temporal: Präpositionen für Zeitangaben (Prepositions for 
time) Here it is about time so it answers the question: Wann? 
(when?) Beispiel:
gegen(around), in(in), nach(after), seit(since), um(at), von… bis(from…to)
Wann beginnt der Unterricht? Der Unterricht beginnt um 5 
Uhr. (When does the class begin? The class begins at 5 a.m)
Sara arbeitet von Montag bis Freitag.
(Sara works from Monday to Friday.)
• Modal: Präpositionen für die Art und Weise (Prepositions of manner)
It answers the question: Wie (how?)
Beispiel:
Mit(with), ohne(without), gegen (against/ around)
Wie fahren Sie nach Berlin? Mit dem Bus fahre ich nach Berlin 
(How will you travel to Berlin? I'm going to Berlin by bus)
• Kausal: Präpositionen für Gründe und Ziele. (Prepositions of reason)
Here it is about the reason so it answers the question: Warum? Or 
weshalb? (Why?)
Beispiel:
Aufgrund(because of), bezüglich(regarding), infolge(as a 
result,), laut(according to), trotz(in spite of), wegen(due to).
Trotz des Wetters arbeiten wir heute
(In spite of the weather, we are working today)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Conjunctions and clauses
We use conjunctions as connecting words to connect two clauses 
or sentences together such as ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘but’
There are two main groups of conjunctions in German:
• Coordinating conjunctions: used to connect two main clauses 
“Hauptsatz” and they do not affect the word order. They come in 
the position 0
Examples of these conjunctions:
und (and), oder (or), denn (because),  aber (but)
Hauptsatz Hauptsatz
(Substantive clause) (Substantive
clause)
Mein Mann fährt nach Hamburg und  ich bleibe zu Hause
(My husband is going to Hamburg and I'm staying at home)
Position: 0
Ich lerne Deutsch, denn ich arbeite in Deutschland.
(I learn German because I work in Germany)
• Subordinate  conjunctions: used  to  connect  ‘Nebensatz’
(subordinate clause). They come in the first position and send the verb
to the end of a clause or a sentence.
Examples of these conjunctions:
‘weil/da’(because), ‘dass’ (that), ‘wenn’(when), ‘ob’ (whether/ if)
Hauptsatz Nebensatz Ich gehe zum 
Arzt, weil ich Krank bin. (I will go to the 
doctor because I am sick)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
- If we start with ‘Nebensatz’ (subordinate clause), the sentence will 
be as follows:
Weil ich Krank bin, gehe ich zum Arzt
The whole subordinate clause becomes one position, so the verb 
‘gehe’ comes in the second position.
- If we have two verbs in subordinate clause such as (the auxiliary verb 
or modal verb) and the main verb, the conjugated verb (auxiliary or 
modal) goes to the end of the clause.
Beispiel:
Ich habe Hunger, weil ich nichts gegessen habe.
(I'm hungry because I haven't eaten anything)
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SPEAK GERMAN: Simplified German Grammar for Beginners
Word order
The basic word order in German for ‘Haupsatz’ (the main clause/ a complete
sentence):
subject verb direct object or other elements
Sara mag Pizza
Ich lese ein Buch
Das Verb steht immer an Position. 2
Here you can see the verb is conjugated in the second position.
The word order in German is more flexible than in English e.g.
Wir fahren heute nach Berlin
Heute fahren wir nach Berlin
Nach Berlin fahren wir heute
Basic rules:
- The verb is always in the second position.
- The subject can be either in first or third position so it has to be 
directly before or after the conjugated verb.
- The other elements can come before the conjugated verb if you want to 
emphasize on particular thing. e.g. Mit dem Auto fahre ich nach Berlin. 
(here to emphasize that I will travel with car)
Sequencing of other elements:
Place
Time Manner (Where/where
(When?) (How?) to)
The other elements follow the following order:
Beispiel:
Ich fahre heute mit dem Auto nach Berlin
(I travel today with the car to Berlin)
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50

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