Sphalerite (ZnS) is the chief ore of zinc, mined globally for galvanization, alloys, and chemical applications. Mining and beneficiation yield zinc concentrates, which are smelted into refined zinc. By-products (cadmium, germanium, gallium) add economic value. Top producers are China, Peru, Australia, India, and the U.S. Global production tracks steel output, since over 60% of zinc is used for galvanization. Growing renewable energy, infrastructure, and construction investments underpin zinc demand. Exploration of deeper and lower-grade sphalerite deposits continues, supported by technological advances in beneficiation.