Vanadinite is a secondary mineral in lead-vanadium systems, most commonly recovered as a by-product of lead or vanadium-focused mining rather than via primary “vanadinite mines.” Production is therefore tightly coupled to the economics of host deposits (notably lead-zinc carbonates and sandstones) and to downstream demand for vanadium in steel alloys and emerging energy applications. Over the past several years, supply has remained concentrated in parts of North and West Africa and select localities in the Americas, but tonnages reaching the chemical market are modest.