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Belfast, the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, is located on the banks of the River Lagan on the
country's east coast. Its Irish name, Beal Fairest, means "mouth of the sand-bank ford." It is the second-
largest city in Ireland and the twelfth-largest city in the United Kingdom[5]. 343,542 people called it
home as of 2019. When Ireland was divided violently, particularly during the more recent conflict known
as the Troubles, Belfast suffered immensely.
Belfast was a significant port by the early 19th century. It contributed significantly to Ireland's Industrial
Revolution and momentarily surpassed all other linen-producing countries, gaining the moniker "Linen
polis." When it received city status in 1888, it was already a significant hub for the production of Irish
linen, processing tobacco, and making rope. The RMS Titanic was constructed at the world's largest
shipyard, Harland and Wolff, which was also a major industry. A significant aerospace and missiles
sector exists in Belfast as of 2019. Belfast is the largest city in Northern Ireland as a result of
industrialization and the inward migration it brought about[8]. Belfast became Northern Ireland's capital
after the island of Ireland was divided in 1921.
Belfast is still a port, and the Harland & Wolff shipyard and other industrial and commercial docks
dominate the Belfast Lough shoreline. There are two airports that service it: George Best Belfast City
Airport, which is located 3 miles (5 km) from the city center, and Belfast International Airport, which is
located 15 miles (24 km) west of the city. Belfast was designated a Gamma + global city by the
Globalization and World Cities Research Network (Gawks) for the year 2020.
Name
Belfast's name comes from the Irish Beal Frieze, which was later spelled Beal Fairest (Irish
pronunciation). Beal, which means "mouth" or "river-mouth," and fierce/fairest, which is
the genitive singular of fear said and denotes a sandbar or tidal ford over a river's mouth,
are both forms of the word fear said. In other words, the name directly translates to "(river)
mouth of the sandbar" or "(river) mouth of the ford." The Lagan, which empties into
Belfast Lough, and the Far set of rivers converged at the current Donegal Quay, where the
sandbar was created ("mouth of the Far set" might be an alternative interpretation) This
region evolved into the center around which the initial settlement grew.
The creators of Ulster-Scots use various transcriptions of regional pronunciations of
"Belfast"—with which they are occasionally also satisfied.
History
When Queen Victoria gave Belfast city status in 1888[21], the city's county borough was established, and
it continues to straddle County Antrim on the left bank of the Lagan and County Down on the right.
Origins
Since the Bronze Age, people have lived on the Belfast site. The 5,000-year-old Giant's Ring is close to the
city and the ruins of Iron Age hill forts may still be seen in the hills nearby. In the Middle Ages, Belfast
remained a minor town of limited significance. In the late twelfth or early thirteenth century, the Normans
might have constructed a castle on the land that is today bordered by Donegal Place, Castle Place, Corn
market, and Castle Lane.
The O'Neill dynasty was the dominant Irish force in the area as the rulers of Clandeboye. The last of the
local line, Conn O'Neill (remembered in Connswater River), was compelled to sell their last stronghold,
the Gray Castle or Castle Reach (An Caitlin Riabhach in Irish), in the hills east of Belfast, along with
neighboring lands, to English and Scottish explorers in 1616 following the Nine Years' War.
The early town
Chi Chester also had Belfast Castle rebuilt. At the Corporation Church on the quayside end of High Street,
the mostly English and Manx settlers participated in an Anglican service of communion. However, it was
Scottish Presbyterians that helped the town develop into an industrial port. Together with Huguenot exiles
from France, they established the linen business, which brought Belfast trade to the Americas.
Flax growers and linen merchants benefited from a three-way exchange since they didn't want to let a
valuable crop go to seed. Hauling salted foodstuffs, sugar, and rum to Baltimore and New York, as well as
carrying rough linen garments to slave estates in the West Indies and returning to Belfast, was lucrative.
Presbyterians were aware of sharing, if only in part, the hardships of Ireland's dispossessed Roman
Catholic majority and of being refused representation in the Irish Parliament as "Dissenters" from the
established Church. The Marquises of Donegal continued to nominate Belfast's two MPs. The
Presbyterians in the area would eventually share a rising disaffection with the Crown with their American
cousins.
Belfast Lough was invaded by the privateer John Paul Jones at the beginning of the
American War of Independence, prompting the locals to form their own Volunteer
militia. The Volunteers, who had supposedly been formed to defend the Kingdom, soon
began to push their own protest against "taxation without representation." The United
Irishmen, a more radical faction in the town, demanded Catholic freedom, feeling
encouraged even more by the French Revolution.
The Belfast Entries, 17th-century alleyways off High Street, are among the remaining
parts of the early pre-Victorian town. These include White's Tavern in Wine cellar's
Entry, the First Presbyterian (Non-Subscribing) Church in Rosemary Street (whose
members led the abolitionist charge against Greg and Cunningham, St. George's Church
of Ireland on the High Street site of the old Corporation Church, and the oldest public
building in Belfast, Clifton.
The industrial city
Landless Catholics from remote rural and western areas were attracted by the nineteenth century's
rapid industrial boom, and the majority of them settled to the west of the town. Insecurity was a
result of the easy access to inexpensive labor, which attracted English and Scottish money to
Belfast. The once largely rural Orange Order found new life in the town thanks to Protestant
workers' organizations to protect their access to jobs and homes. Movements to annul the Acts of
Union (which came after the 1798 uprising) and to reestablish a Parliament in Dublin exacerbated
sectarian tensions. Given the progressive expansion of the electorate in Britain, this would have
had a lopsided Catholic majority and, according to popular belief, interests hostile to the
Protestant.
Sectarian conflict was not unique to Belfast; it also existed in Liverpool and Glasgow, two
towns that had seen significant Irish Catholic immigration after the Great Famine. However,
the "industrial triangle" had a history of labor militancy as well. Workers in all three cities
went on strike in 1919 to demand a ten-hour workweek reduction. Despite the political
tension brought on by Sinn Fein's electoral victory in the south, this featured 60,000
workers—both Protestant and Catholic—in Belfast participating in a four-week walkout.
Unionists at Belfast City Hall delivered the Ulster Covenant in 1912 as a sign of their
determination to resist submission to a Dublin parliament. The Ulster Covenant and a
companion Declaration for Women would eventually garner over 470,000 signatures. The
training and eventual arming of a 100,000-strong Ulster Volunteer Force came next. The
Great War, whose sacrifices of the UVF are still remembered in the city (Somme Day) by
unionist and loyalist organizations, brought an end to the conflict.
Belfast became the capital of the six counties that made up Northern Ireland in the United
Kingdom in 1921, when the majority of Ireland declared its independence as the Irish Free
State.
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