Emerging Hydrogen Business Models ppt
                     EMERGING HYDROGEN BUSINESS 
MODELS
Emerging Techno-Commercially attractive Hydrogen Business Models - Hydrogen 
Generation, Hydrogen Storage, and Hydrogen Distribution.
Hydrogen Generation:
 Steam Methane Reforming (SMR): 
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR): SMR is currently the most common method for 
large-scale hydrogen production, accounting for the majority of global hydrogen 
supply. It involves reacting natural gas (methane) with steam to produce hydrogen 
and carbon dioxide. SMR is a mature technology and has well-established 
infrastructure. However, it is associated with greenhouse gas emissions unless carbon 
capture and storage (CCS) technologies are employed.
1. Natural Gas Reforming: Methane is the primary component of natural gas, and 
it serves as the source of hydrogen in SMR. Methane molecules are broken 
down into hydrogen and carbon in a process known as reforming. This step is 
endothermic, meaning it requires energy input.
2. Water-Gas Shift Reaction: After reforming, the produced hydrogen gas is 
further purified and adjusted for the desired hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide 
(H2/CO) ratio. This step may involve the water-gas shift reaction, where water 
vapor reacts with carbon monoxide to produce additional hydrogen and carbon 
dioxide.
3. Hydrogen Purification: Hydrogen gas is separated and purified to remove 
impurities, such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, which are unwanted 
byproducts.
The carbon dioxide produced in the process is released into the atmosphere, contributing to 
greenhouse gas emissions. Methane, which is a potent greenhouse gas itself, is also released 
during natural gas production and transportation.
To address the greenhouse gas emissions associated with SMR, carbon capture and storage 
(CCS) technologies can be employed. CCS involves capturing the carbon dioxide generated 
during hydrogen production and storing it underground or repurposing it for various 
industrial applications.
while SMR is a mature and well-established technology for hydrogen production, it produces 
carbon dioxide emissions, which contribute to global warming. To make SMR more 
environmentally sustainable, CCS technologies are used to capture and store the carbon 
dioxide emissions, reducing the environmental impact of hydrogen production. In the long 
term, efforts are also being made to develop more sustainable hydrogen production 
methods, such as green hydrogen production through electrolysis using renewable energy 
sources, to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with hydrogen production.
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 Electrolysis:
 Electrolysis is a promising method for hydrogen generation, particularly when powered by 
renewable energy sources. It involves using electricity to split water into hydrogen and 
oxygen. There are different types of electrolyzers, including alkaline, polymer electrolyte 
membrane (PEM), and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC). Electrolysis offers the advantage 
of producing hydrogen without carbon emissions, making it suitable for clean hydrogen 
production. The costs of electrolyzers are gradually decreasing, making electrolysis more 
commercially attractive.
There are several types of electrolyzers, each with its own characteristics and applications:
Alkaline Electrolysis (AE): Alkaline electrolyzers use an alkaline solution (usually potassium 
hydroxide) as the electrolyte. They have been used for several decades and are known for 
their reliability and efficiency.
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Electrolysis: PEM electrolyzers use a solid polymer 
membrane as the electrolyte, which conducts protons (H+ ions) but not electrons. They are 
compact, have fast response times, and can operate at relatively low temperatures (around 
80°C).
Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC): SOECs operate at high temperatures 
(typically between 600-900°C) and are capable of achieving high efficiencies. They 
can be reversible, meaning they can switch between electrolysis mode (producing 
hydrogen) and fuel cell mode (converting hydrogen back into electricity).
The advantages of electrolysis for hydrogen generation include:
Zero Carbon Emissions: Electrolysis, especially when powered by renewable 
energy sources like solar or wind, produces hydrogen without any greenhouse gas 
emissions.
Flexibility and Grid Balancing: Electrolyzers can be used to store excess electricity 
from renewable sources when demand is low and then generate hydrogen when 
demand is high.
Decentralized Production: Electrolyzers can be deployed at various scales, 
from small residential systems to large industrial installations. This allows for 
decentralized hydrogen production, reducing the need for long-distance 
transportation.
Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure: Hydrogen produced via 
electrolysis can be integrated into existing hydrogen infrastructure, making it 
easier to adopt and distribute for various applications.
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-hydrogen-business-models